RULES OF SYNTAX

CONTENTS.

EXERCISES.

?

CHAP.

1. Nouns Substantive

2. Verb and Nominative

3. Adjective and Substantive

4. Verbs active govern an accusative

5. Adjective in neuter, xpnμa understood.

When an infinitive, &c. is in the place of the nomi-
native, &c.

6. Substantive verbs, &c. have a nominative before and after them

7. Conjunctions Kai, &c. have the same case after them as

8. Av, eav, &c. joined with subjunctive mood.

Av, Kav, &c. give subjunctive meaning to other moods.

9. One substantive agrees with another

10. Infinitives, such as eval, have the same case after them as before them

11. One substantive governs another in the genitive.

Adjectives in the neuter, without a substantive, govern
the genitive

12. Relative agrees with its antecedent, &c.

13. Prepositions, arti, año, &c.

14. Δια and ὑπερ, &c.

15. Kara, from, or against, &c.

Some derivative adverbs govern the case of their pri-
mitives

17. Infinitive has an accusative before it, &c.

Infinitive governed by verbs, adjectives, &c.
put elliptically, spa, &c. understood

43

CHAP.

18. Cause, &c. put in the dative.

Sometimes passive verbs have a dative of the agent.
Comparatives and superlatives govern the measure of
excess in the dative

19. Adjectives of plenty, &c. require the genitive.

Comparative degree governs the genitive when trans-
lated by than

20. Adjectives placed partitively govern the genitive plural
21. Adjectives of profit, &c. govern the dative.

EOTI, for exw, to have, governs the dative.
All verbs put acquisitively govern the dative

22. Eu, &e. signifying possession, &c. govern the genitive.
Verbs of beginning, &c. govern the genitive

23. Two or more substantives singular have verb, &c. plural 24. Verbs of accusing, &c. with the genitive or dative, govern also the accusative

25. Verbs of asking, &c. govern two accusatives 26. Participles govern the case of their own verbs 27. Passive verbs take a genitive of the agent

28. Accusative absolutely, Kara understood

29. Neuters plural have commonly verbs singular

30. Primitive pronouns in the genitive, instead of possessive

Ae and xpn, signifying necessity, &c.

32. Substantives, with participles, &c. put in the genitive

absolute, &c.

Participles of impersonal verbs used absolutely

33. The time when, &c.

34. The question, whither, &c.

Adverbs in t and σι, &c.

The distance of place, &c.

35. The price, or measure, &c.

36. A preposition in composition, &c.

90

37. Genitive absolute, évekα, &c. understood

111

41. Infinitive mood, or a participle, used to supply the place

of gerunds and supines

122

42. Verbal adjectives, governing a dative of the agent, &c.
43. Every verb may take an accusative of a corresponding noun

126

128

Page

130

CHAP.

44. Verbs of sense, with the Attics, take an accusative

45. Participles and adjectives often put, by attraction, in the
same case with the noun or pronoun to which they
refer.

Attics often put the relative, by attraction, in the same
case with the antecedent

46. Adjective sometimes put in a different gender from the substantive, &c.

47. Noun dual may have a verb plural, &c.

48. Two or more negatives, &c.

49. The article, &c.

50. Ellipsis

51. Dialects

52. Prosody

53. Metaphrasis

OBSERVATIONS ON IDIOMS

132

136

138

139

142

145

164

190

204

207

Remarks necessary to be observed in writing Greek.

1. THE final letter is frequently cut off (except in verbs) from words ending in a, e, i, o, al, or o, when the following word begins with a vowel; as, Пlavt' ɛλeyov.

ε

take

ولا

when

2. All words ending in σ, and verbs in & and the following word begins with a vowel; as, Eixoσiv avdges. 3. N is changed into y, in compounds, before x, y, x, and into before π, β, φ, ψ; as, Εγχρίω, συμφλεγω.

4. When the following word begins with an aspirated vowel, the tenuis, or intermediate consonant preceding, is changed into an aspirate; as, απο οὗ Αφ' ού.

5. Ex and ov are used before consonants,

and oux, or oux,

before vowels ; as, Εξ ύμων, ου τουτο, ουκ εστι, ουχ ούτως.

6. The Attics use all contractions.

The manner of expression, in which each tense is translated in the second chapter, is retained, in general, throughout the work but as this could not be always done, and as there are many varieties of expression, which the most literal translation could not ascertain, small English letters and figures are affixed to such Greek words as might probably be rendered improperly.

RULES

OF

GREEK SYNTAX.

THE ARTICLE.

* 1.THE article is used to mark a distinction or emphasis. With the infinitive, it supplies the place of nouns, gerunds, and supines. With a participle, it is translated by the relative and indicative. With μev and da, it signifies partly; μεν δε, and it is often used for ornament: as, (see observation 33-42.)

ADJECTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE.

2. An adjective agrees with its substantive, in gender,

number, and case; as,

Ανδρες αγαθοι.

Ὁμιλίαι κακαι.

Εθνεα πολλα.

Good men.

Evil communications.
Many nations.

B