fyftem, however, Röschlaub and other Brownifts will have much to object.

Many other medical works by GUTFELD, MÜLLER, HOCHHEIMER, SCHMID, JAHN, WEISS, OBERREICH, &c. but which we have not room particularly to notice, bear upon their very titles the ftamp of Brunonianifm; and their authors defend the theory of Brown with greater or lefs modifica

tions.

Agreeably to the long established propenfity to deny to all new inventions the merit of originality, and to fearch for traces and hints thereof in ancient works, SCHERER, of Vienna, in a work, entitled "Beweis dafs Mayow," &c. endeavours to prove that Mayow and Pechlin (Profeffors at the University of Kiel, in the latter half of the feventeenth century) had laid the foundation of the new theory of living organifin, Another SCHERER (now Profellor at the Ruffian Univerfity of Dorpat) had before pointed out in Mayow's Works, traces of the antiphlogistic theory of chemistry.

After this enumeration of the works relative to the new theories of medicine in general, we have ftill to notice several on separate parts of medical science, on which these theories have had little or no influence,

Some years have elapfed fince the attention of the curious was excited by the fingular craniofcopical fyftem of Dr. GALL, of Vienna, who confiders the skull as an organ indicating the powers, capabilities and properties of the mind, and accordingly pretends to point out from the conforma. tion of its various part, the character of the individual to which it belongs. Dr. Gall has not not yet published any thing himself on this fubject: one of his auditors, however, Profeffor FRORIEP, of Jena, as we mentioned in a former Retrospect, had given an ac. count of his Craniofcopical Lectures in a final work, which has paffed through feveral editions; and last year, fimilar accounts were published by HAGEDORN, LEUNE, MARTENS, and WALTHER. Even the most incredulous of Gall's opponents, will at least allow this to be an interefting digreffion in phyfiology and anatomy.

To the ftudents of this latter branch of medical science, the completion of LODER'S Anatomical Figures will be a moft agreeable piece of intelligence.

Of the practical medical works, the

most numerous clafs, again, were thofe which treated of Vaccine Inoculation, and of the application of Galvanism to the cure of diseases. Of the former, however, we do not meet with. any worthy of particular notice, and of the latter we shall have occasion to fpeak under another head.

Of the other publications on parti. cular parts of the healing art, the "Rhapfodien über die Anwendung der Phyfifchen Kur-Methode auf Geiflesverrüttungen" On the Applica tion of the Phyfical Method to the Cure of Mental Derangement, by the celebrated physiologist, Profeffor REIL, of Halle, deferves to be carefully ftudied by every perfon who has the charge of lunatics.

Of the works on Surgery we have only to notice WEISS'S "Vorlesungen über Chirurgie nach Brownfchen Grundsätzen"-Lectures on Surgery, according to the Principles of Brown; the continuations ARNEMANN and EBERMAIER's Lecture-Books, and of the former's Magazine.

More abundant was the fupply of works on midwifery. ELIAS VON SIEBOLD produced, befides a small Treatife," Ueber Praktischen Unterricht in der Entbindungskunft”— On Practical Inftruction in Midwifery, "Theoretisch-Praktische Entbindungs, kunde zum Gebrauche feiner Vorlefungen- Theoretico practical Treatife on Midwifery, which contains, befides many other obfervations, a defcription of a new Parturition Stool invented by him, and which feems to be preferable to those hitherto in use. He likewife began a periodical work, entitled "Lucina," for the improvement of the obftetric art. HERDER, of Weimar, gave us 66 Beyträge zur Erweite rung derGeburtshülfe"-Contributions towards the Improvement of Midwifery, which contains many interesting obfervations.-STEIN, lately of Caffel, but now fucceffor to his celebrated uncle at Marpurg, has begun to publith "Geburtshülfliche Abhandlungen;" the first number of which contains a Treatife on the Cæfarean Operation, in which, inftead of the hiherto ufual mode, he recommends an incifion from the fhort ribs of the one fide, through the linea alba to the os pubis on the other.-WIEDEMANN, of Brunf wick, author of a book of Instruction for Midwives, gave us fome not very. favourable accounts of the lying-in

hospitals

hofpitals in Paris, and defcribes fome uncommon cafes which there came under his obfervation.-JOSEPHI, of Roftock, wrote " Ueber die Schwangerschaft aufferhalb der Gebährmutter," &c.-On Impregnations out of the Matrix, and a very remarkable Cafe of an impregnated Bladder.

Befides feveral local descriptions of the baths and mineral fprings in Germany, there appeared a "Balneotechnik," by SCHRECER, of Erlangen, giving excellent directions, founded on the new chemistry, for the preparation of artificial baths.

TROMMSDORF, of Erfurt, published a Table of Pharmaceutical Nomenclature. This eminent chemist and pharmacist likewife gave, befides a continuation of his Journal, a fecond edition of his "Lehrbuch der Pharmaceutifchen Chemie"-Manual of Pharma

ceutical Chemistry; and an "Apothekerfchule" or, Tables containing Inftructions for Apothecaries.

Several phyficians likewife wrote upon medical police, and of the evidence required in many cafes to be given by furgeons and phyficians in courts of justice. The work on this fubject by METZGER, of Königfberg, contains much excellent advice and inruction, but mixed with fome paradoxes; as, for inftance, where he fpeaks against the usefulness of hofpitals, feverhoufes, and fimilar inftitutions for the cure of the fick.

LODER, now Professor at the Univerfity of Halle, continued his Journal for Jurifical Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery, to which many interefting contributions continue to be fent, efpecially by the phyficians and furgeons of the Pruffian army, who there give an account of fuch remarkable cafes as occur in the courfe of their practice. In Bavaria and Suabia feveral furgeons and phyficians have formed themselves into a fociety for the fame purpose.

The journals published by HUFE LAND and others, as, for inftance, the "Journal der Erfindungen," &c. Journal of Invention, Theories, &c. were continued.-AUGUSTIN, of Berlin, began another upon the fame plan, entitled "Efculap" or Aefculapius, a Journal for the Hiftory of Criticifm and Theory in the Science of Medicine, &c.; and STERNBERG, of Goftar, a new "Literaturzeitung für die Medicin und Chirurgie," in which, as likewife in HARTENKEIL'S " Salzburg.

Med. Chir. Zeitung," a review is given of medical works and literature.

Nor was the general and more ancient hiftory and literature of medicine neglected. Behdes the learned' SPRENGEL, of Halle, who published the fifth volume of his "Pragmatical History of Medicine,” we have here to notice two phyficians of Vienna a -DEWEZ tranflated "Aretæus on the Cure of Acute and Chronic Diseases; and UEBERLACHER, who gave us a very learned treatise, in which he endeavours to fhew, that there is no foundation for the opinion of thofe who affert that the first defcriptions of the fmall-pox and measles are to be found in the writings of the Arabian phyficians.

PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND NATURAL

HISTORY

We have already observed in the last fection of our Retrofpect, that Galvanism continued to occupy the attention of feveral phyficians and natural philofophers. The "Journals of Phyfical Science," edited by GILBERT, VOIGT, and others, ftill furnished contributions towards its improvement. WEBER, of Landshut, continued his Galvanic Journal; and feveral other feparate treatifes appeared on that fubject, and on electricity. HEID MANN, of Vienna, gave a Vollständige auf Verfuche und Vernunftschlüffe gegründete Theorie der Elektricität," A Theory of Electricity, founded upon Experiment and Reasoning; SAXTORPH, of Copenhagen, an "Electricitätslehre,'

cr

Theory of Electricity; SCHMIDT, a Silefian naturalift, thought that his treatife on "das Zitterftoff und feine Wirkungen in der Natur,"-On the Galvanic Fluid and its Effects, would entitle him to the prize propofed by Bonaparte; and his countryman, GRUNDMANN, illuftrated the "Eigenschaften und Wirkungen der Animalifchen Elektricität,”The Propertics and Effects of Animal Electricity-in fuch a manner as thereby to account for the fymptoms of canine madness, and to point out what he thinks would be the most effectual cure for it. The above-mentioned TROMMSDORF has written a "Gefchichte des Galvanifmus und der Galvanifchen Elektricität, befonders in chemifcher Hinficht,"-Hif tory of Galvanism and Galvanic Electricity, especially in a Chemical Point of View.-W. PFAFF published a "Darftellung des Galvan finus,"-View of Galvanism; NEUFFER, an "Anleitung zum Aufbau der Galvanischen Säule, &c."-Intro

&c."-Introduction to the best Mode of forming the Galvanic Pile, and the application thereof to the Cure of various Difeafes." MARTENS gave us an "Abbildung und Befchreibung einer bequemen in der Rocktasche tragbaren Voltaifchen Säule," being a Defcription and Plate of a very convenient portable Voltaic Pile, and Inftructions for applying Galanifm to the Cure of Dileafes. A Count STERNBERG described “Galvanische Verfuche in mehrern Krankherien," Trials of Galvanism in the Cure of many Difeafes, especially Hardnefs of Hearing and Deafnefs. Moft of thefe trials were attended with the defired fuccefs. But on the contrary, ESCHKE, director of an inftitute for the inftruction of deaf and dumb perfons, gave "an Account of Galvanic Experiments on fome of his Pupils," ," which proved abortive from the improper Mode of conducting them. Befides thefe original works, there appeared a tranflation by NASSE, of "Volta's Writings on Electricity and Galva. nism; and a knowledge of all new difcoveries and experiments on Galvanifm and other parts of phyfics made in France, Italy, &c. was quickly communicated through the medium of the Journals of Pfaff and others. T. BERNOUILLI furnifhed an inftructive collection "on the Luminous appearance of the Sea;" CRELL continued his valuable "Annals of Chemistry;" and SCHERER his "Chemical Journal;" and whilft TROMMSDORFF's "Bibliothek" went on without interruption, a new "Allgemeines Journal der Chemie," General Journal of Chemistry, was announced, which will be enriched by contributions from KLAPROTH, HERMBSTÄDT, SCHERER, RICHTER, and GEHLER.

TROMMSDORFF again inferted a Sketch of "the newest Hiftory of Chemistry, in his Pocket-book for Phyficians, Chemifts, and Pharmacists," and GÖTT LING continues to collect the la eft difcoveries, new-invented inftruments, &c. in his "Pocket-book for Chemists and Apothecaries."

An anonymous auther furnished a valuable contribution towards the hiftory of phyfics, entitled a fhort "Leitfaden in die Kofmologie und Phyfik der Alten," -Clue to the Cofmology and Phyficks of the Ancients, from a Latin original, and dedicated to Kant, De Luc, and Reimarer. The last-mentioned of these eminent philofophers, who has deferved fo well of phyfical science, wrote a work Ueber die Bildung des Erdballs, &c."On the

Struture of the Globe, and particularly

on the Theory of De Luc.

Among the cultivators of geognofy we think BRUNNER, in prticular, worthy of notice. In his very useful "Handbuch der Geb rskgunde" the mountains are not, as by preceding naturalifts, divided into primitive, alluvious and volcanic, but, according to their external characters, into mixed, unmixed, compofites, &c gie," Compendium of Mineralogy, in which the fyftem of Werner is followed, was published by Profeffor LUDWIG, of Leipzig. The fecond edition of the "Anfangsgründe der Mineralogie," by LucKow, of Heidelberg, has been enriched with all the lateft difcoveries in Mineralogy, fo that it may be confidered as a quite new and highly useful work.-The translation of HAUY's "Mineralogie,' by the celebrated KARSTEN, Member of the Board of Mines at Berlin, could not fail to excite new ardour for the study of Cryftallography, which had been early ftudied in Germany; and, therefore, HAUSMANN'S "Kryftallographische Beyträge,"-Crystallographife Contributions made their appearance at a very propitious time.

A new "Handbuch der Mineralo

For the ftudents of botany two profeffors, Bernhardi and Schrank, furnished new "Books of Instruction;" that of the latter is to confift of feveral volumes. HOFFMANN, of Göttingen, published a third year of his ufeful "German Flora," and an improved edition of the first year. STURM and SKUHR likewife continued their "German Floras." GRINDEL gave us a "Botanifches Taschenbuch," or Botanical Pocket-book for Livonia, Courland, and Efthonia WALDSTEIN and KITAIBEL continued their "Flora Hungarica." JACQUIN, of Vienna, and WILDENOW, of Berlin, began likewise to publish Descriptions, in the Latin language, of the Botanic Gardens in these two chief cities of Germany. PERSOON, of Göttingen, furnished fome faithful "Delineations of Fungi," accompanied with a Latin text; and WULFEN, an accurate obferver, "Cryptogama Aquatica."-" An Account of the Conferva of Great Britain," was given by Meffrs. WEBER and MERE, who in this work took Dilling for their guide.PLANK'S "Icones Plant. Med." have advanced as far as the seventh centuria, and the " Handbuch der Pharmaceutischen Botanik," Manual of Pharmaceutical Botany, to the twelfth. HOPPE, of Ratifbon, continued his "Botanical Pocket

book