noxam 'guilt.' 15. videritis : 18. prolapsa in vulnus: 'her 19. Conclamat: cf. H. 399, III., I; G. 374, R. 3. CHAP. LIX. 25. scelerata: especially because of her cor duct toward her father; cf. ch. xlviii. 30. in Bruti pector in the breast of the Dullard.' 31. totique: adve 'altogether;' there is no adverb from totus. Page 72. 4. tum Brutus auctor: as well as the surprising fact that it was Brutus who reprehended valossa and advised,' etc. 6. adversus hostilia ausos adversus 17. Celerum: eos qui hostilia ausi essent. 7. Ferocissimus quisque : all men of spirit.' 10. regibus: 'to any of the royal family.' 14. haud temere 13. Rursus: 'again,' 'on the other hand.' esse: 'that it was not without good reason.' cf. p. 20, 1. 19, and note. 18. magistratu: the tribunus celerum was not a magistrate in the sense in which that word was used under the republic, but an officer subordinate to the king, and not having the right, as such, to call an assembly of the people. Here he is made to act, in the king's absence, like a republican Master of Horse in the absence of the Dictator; but, as Seeley remarks, these proceedings were revolutionary, not constitutional. Some editors consider it unlikely that an imbecile should be appointed to so important an office as this, and others regard the fact as a good illustration of the vicious methods of monarchical government, while the simple truth is that it is most unlikely that Brutus was a dullard at all. 19. pectoris in the sense of 'character, disposition,' is rather poetic. 22. Tricipitini: i. e. Sp. Lucretius, the father of Lucretia. morte: construe with indignior ac miserabilior. 25. demersae: used here only by Livy with in and the accusative. 26. circa: used adjectively. 28. caedis: older form of nominative; cf. stirpis, p. 4, 1. 18; aedis, p. 43, 1. 15. 30. praesens: 'existing at that time.' indignitas: subjective; 'indignation.' 31. scriptoribus: construe with facilia; the fiery indignation of the speaker could hardly be expressed by the historian. subicit: suggests' (to a speaker); present tense because it is a general truth. 32. imperium . . . abrogaret : Tarquin had not been regularly elected by the people, nor had he received the auspices from a properly constituted interrex ; he was therefore a usurper, and the people had the right to take from him his imperium, which was de facto only. This would not have been true in the case of a king regularly and constitutionally appointed. 34. nomina dabant: 'enlisted,' for service against Tarquin. Page 73. 1. praefecto urbis: an officer left in command when the king, afterward when the consuls, left the city, "qui ius redderet et subitis mederetur" (Tac. Ann. vi. 11). 9. CHAP. LX. 7. flexit viam: 'took another road.' Ardeam: the siege of Ardea and its result seems entirely forgotten in the interest of more important events. 12. Caere: terminal accusative. 17. Regnatum: sc. est, 'the monarchy lasted.' 18. Duo consules: originally called praetors; these magistrates held at the beginning the same powers as the king, but there were two of them with equal authority, and their term of office was limited to a year. 19. comitiis centuriatis : the assembly of all the citizens, patricians and plebeians, voting by classes and centuries. a praefecto urbis: it seems that this ought to have been done by an interrex; Dionysius says that it was so. The authority of a praefectus urbis ceased with the imperium of him who had appointed him. The sovereignty then would return to the patres, who would delegate it to an interrex. a: 'under the presidency of.' tariis: according to the constitution.' 20. ex commen BOOK XXI. Page 74. CHAP. I. 1. parte: sharply contrasted with summae totius; 'a section of my work,' the third decade, of which the second Punic war was the subject. 2. summae totius of a whole history.' Livy's work embraces the whole history of Rome; the works of others had embraced single periods only. 3. maxime . . . memorabile, etc.: Thucydides opens his history with a similar statement about the Peloponnesian war. The second Punic war was memorable because it was a decisive conflict for supremacy between the Aryan and Semitic races, involving the whole subsequent history of European civilization. 4. umquam: he does not mean simply Roman wars, but all wars. gesta sint: this clause is put as a logical part of the statement contained in me scripturum, etc. A. 336, 342; H. 529, II.; G. 666. Hannibale: (-băl, though the early Roman authors wrote -bal), the name means "Grace of Baal;' Baal was the supreme god of the Phoenicians. The second Punic was very properly called the Hannibalic war; after its unsuccessful issue, the aristocratic party at Carthage tried to devolve all responsibility for it upon Hannibal, who was, at all events, not to blame for the final failure. But Livy considers it the affair of the Punic state, though in Bk. xxxiii., ch. 45, he says, “Belli per unum illum non magis gesti quam moti.” 5. gessere: A. 336, b; H. 524, 2; G. 631, R. 2. 6. neque validiores the following sentence contains four reasons for calling this war maxime memorabile. opibus: all kinds of resources, sources of power. 7. his ipsis: it may be questioned whether the power of Carthage was not greater in the first war, when certainly the manifestations of it were greater. And Rome, of course, was subsequently more powerful, though perhaps never so vigorous. 8. virium . . . roboris: strength for offence and defence respectively, manifest outward power and inward vigor. belli artes: 'methods of warfare,' 'tactics;' yet the first war was mainly naval; the second, carried on almost entirely upon land. inter sese: seems to refer primarily to conferebant, like inter se ... contulerunt, above; but probably in the author's mind the phrase may have been associated also more or less distinctly with ignotas. 9. expertas: passive. 10. propius periculum: 'nearer the brink of destruction,' the reference being chiefly to the critical position of the Romans after the battle of Cannae; prope in all degrees is followed in Livy by the accusative. 11. qui vicerunt: an independent statement of fact not logically subordinate to ut fuerint, and so not put into the subjunctive. 13. ultro inferrent arma: 'presumed to make war.' A. 341, d; H. 516, II.; G. 541. Poenis sc. indignantibus. 14. superbe avareque cf. note crederent: put into the subinperitatum : on Sicilia, etc., infra, 1. 20. one of the author's favorite frequentative forms. an 15. Fama est: this is not a mere tradition, but a story attested by Polybius, Appian, Nepos, Valerius Maximus, and others. norum: A. 215, b; H. 396, v.; G. 364, R.; a genitive of quality is not usually attached directly to a proper name. 16. blandientem: 'coaxing,' wheedling, trying to induce by caresses, hence followed naturally by ut duceretur. Hamilcari: 'gift of Melcart; the great Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal and his valiant brothers, the "lion's brood." 17. Africo bello: the war of Carthage with her mutinous mercenaries and revolted subjects, at the close of the first war with Rome. 18. altaribus generally used in plural with singular meaning. 19. hostem in deed as well as in feeling. 20. spiritus : genitive. virum Hamilcar. Sicilia Sardiniaque amissae : 'the loss of Sicily and Sardinia;' Hamilcar was unsubdued in western Sicily, when his countrymen, regarding the war as settled by their naval defeat off the Aegatian islands, made peace in 241 B. C., ceding all their possessions in Sicily. Afterwards, when Carthage made preparations to subdue Sardinia, which had revolted, Rome pretended to regard this action as a menace of war against herself, and obliged Carthage to purchase peace by giving up the island and paying an indemnity of twelve hundred talents, about $1,500,000, (stipendio etiam insuper inposito). The indemnity exacted in 241 B. C. had, moreover, been increased by the Roman senate beyond the amount stipulated by the Roman commander in the preliminary treaty of peace. All this conduct explains superbe avareque in 1. 14. 22. inter: 'during.' motum: the same as Africo bello, 1. 17. 23. stipendio: stipi-pendium (stips, pendere). Page 75. CHAP. II. 1. curis refers to the last sentence of ch. i. 2. sub: 'immediately after.' quinque annos : the whole war lasted according to Diodorus but four years and four months, according to Polybius three years and four months, and Hamilcar was not placed in command at the beginning of it. (241-237 B. C.) 3. novem annis: he was killed in a battle with the Vettones in 228 B. C. A. 256, b; H. 379, I ; G. 392, 2. in Hispania: there had been from remote antiquity Phoenician colonies in Spain, but no great conquests till Hamilcar's time; the country was valuable chiefly for its vast mineral wealth and its hardy population, which made excellent soldiers. 6. duce: merely for variety, the form of expression is changed in the next line, ductu with the genitive. 8. pueritia: inaccurate; he was eighteen at the death of his father. 10. obtinuit: 'held.' flore... conciliatus : 'at first, as they say, a favorite with Hamilcar because of his youthful beauty.' 12. profecto: contrasted with uti ferunt; this is certain; that, mere report. animi: epexegetical to aliam indolem; a different character, that is, the character of his mind.' 13. factionis Barcinae: named after its leader Hamilcar Barca; this was the popular, national party, favoring war with Rome, which gradually succeeded in driving its opponents from the management of the government and in gaining control of the state policy. nihilo 15. principum: the aristocracy and the rich, who desired peace at any price. consilio . . . vi: 'policy . . . force of arms.' 16. regulorum: chieftains,' 'petty monarchs.' 17. principum: 'leading men' in republican communities. 18. tutior: peace afforded him no greater security than war to Hamilcar. 23. praebuerit: a primary tense of the subjunctive, where strict sequence would require a seccondary. 25. renovaverat: had renewed the treaty already made in 241 B. C., but with the additional provisions here stated. This was in 225 B. C. 26. ut: 'providing that.' finis . . . imperii: the Romans had no possessions outside of Italy, but Sicily and Sardinia, and the Carthaginians had not fully conquered Further Spain. 27. mediis: Saguntum was |