can base an argument upon the author's description of the march. 32. prope silvas: an awkward expression; it may mean 'almost forests,' or (sc. fluentes) prope silvas, flowing by forests.' digniora: fitter for.' Page 111. 2. muniendo: 'by the work of road-building.' CHAP. XXXVIII. 5. maxime : ‘in the main,' without going into every detail. 6. quinto mense; apparently May — October. 7. quinto decimo die: nine days to the summit, two days' rest, one day down to the rock, four days' delay, three days for the rest of the descent, make nineteen, or eighteen if one of the two days at the summit was the day of arrival there. Polybius gives the same total, but, as already stated, says that the bulk of the army was detained only one day at the rock. Livy is very careless about such details. 11. viginti milia, etc.: Polybius says these numbers were given by Hannibal on the Lacinian tablet. L. Cincius Alimentus cf. Introduction, p. ix. 12. maxime . . . moveret: 'would have the greatest weight as an authority.' 14. octoginta milia : of course, it is quite improbable that a large host of Gauls and Ligurians were brought over the Alps; they joined the army after its arrival in Italy. 15. adducta: brought with him.' 17. transierit: cf. note on audierit, p. 4, 1. 6. 19. Taurini: this tribe lived east of the Cottian Alps; their capital is now Turin. semigalli: some authors call them Gauls, but they were more probably Ligurians. The passes that would lead into the country of the Taurini are the Mt. Cenis, the Mt. Genèvre, and the Col d'Argentière. 20. inter omnes constet: this is not so. Polybius says that Hannibal descended among the friendly Insubres, which would have been probable and natural, especially as he was conducted by Boian guides. The Boii were allies of the Insubres, to whom the Taurini were hostile. 21. ambigi: 'that it is disputed.' 22. Poenino: ablative of the way by which. The Pennine Alps run from the Great St. Bernard, which is here meant, to the Simplon. The derivation is perhaps from the Celtic pen, ‘a head;' cf. Ben Lomond, Ben Nevis, etc. inde nomen: i. e. from Poenus, 'the Punic Alps.' 23. Coelium: L. Coelius Antipater; cf. Introduction, p. x. 24. Cremonis iugum: this name is not understood, but pre sumably the Little St. Bernard is meant. 25. Salassos: living east of the Graian Alps, in the valley of the Dora Baltea, the Val d'Aosta. and the Insubres; veri simile, etc.: tle St. Bernard. Libuos: further east, between the Salassi they were tributary to the latter. 26. Nec second argument against the Great and Litea tum, etc. yet long before this Gallic hosts had crossed the Alps in that region. 28. Neque = et non; et with norint, non with inditum. 29. si ... movet: 'if perchance this name serves any one as an argument for the passage of the Carthaginians that way.' 30. Sedūni Verăgri: living in the modern canton of Valais. 31. norint subjunctive in ironical modesty; 'they should know, one would suppose.' 32. sacratum: having a sanc tuary. Poeninum: identified with Jupiter by the Romans; there was a Celtic god 'Penn.' Page 112. CHAP. XXXIX. 1. ad principia rerum: 'for the beginning of operations.' 3. armare: 'to call to arms;' generally it means 'to provide with arms.' 4. in 5. ex: 6. inluvie tabeque: 'filth and emaciation.' 7. efferata: 'wild.' movebat: 'affected.' 8. Manlio Atilioque: the praetors. 9. tirone: raw,' 'com. posed of raw recruits.' novis ignominiis: the recent disgraceful discomfitures at the hands of the Gauls described in ch. xxv. 10. nondum refecto, etc.: a little more promptness on the part of the Romans in Cisalpine Gaul would probably have resulted in Hannibal's defeat at the foot of the Alps. 13. caput gentis: Augusta Taurinorum, as the Romans soon after named it, now Turin. 18. quae utra. 20. sicuti . . . ita: 'while 23. celeberrimum: aside from his own achievements, Hannibal must have inherited much of the prestige of his father, the one enemy whom the Romans had failed to conquer. 24. eo ipso, quod: 'from the very fact that.' potissimum: 'in preference to all others.' 26. inter se opinionem: 'their mutual respect.' 29. Occupavit . . traicere: cf. note on p. 18, 1. 27. Padum traicere: above Placentia, between the Lambrus and the Ticinus. yet.' Page 113. CHAP. XL. 2. supersedissem: 'I should have considered it superfluous.' apud vos illogical, for apud eum. 3. referret: i. e. si educerem; 'what would (in that case) be the use.' 4. ad Rhodanum: a reference to the cavalry encounter described in ch. xxix.; the expressions are highly exaggerated. vicissent: subjunctive by assimilation to referret, to which it is subordinate. A. 342; H. 529, II.; G. 666. But habui (1. 7) states a fact independently of the connection and subordination of the clause. 6. confessionem . . . habui: 'I held his confession in retreating and refusing to fight as equivalent to a victory.' 8. Hispaniae provinciae: dative. 9. meis auspiciis: the auspices were taken by the commander-in-chief; if they were taken by a lieutenant, it was only in the name and as the representative of the former, not in his own capacity. eum: i. e. exercitum. 10. ego: asyndeton; this is the beginning of the second member of the causal clause. voluit singular because senatus populusque Romanus together constitute a single unit. 12. huic certamini: it was perfectly competent for the consul thus to take the direction of the Italian campaign, instead of going on to Spain, as originally intended. 14. cum iis est, etc.: brief for vobis dico cum iis esse, etc. 16. vicistis and exegistis apply, not to the individuals addressed, but to a former generation. per viginti annos: 17. Siciliam ac Sar21. incolumi: before mountains. pugnam 22. duabus parti only ten years were finally allowed for the payment of the indemnity after the first Punic war. diniam: cf. note on p. 74, 1. 20. the losses suffered in crossing the detractavere : 'refused to fight.' bus two-thirds;' tribus partibus would be three-quarters, quattuor partibus four-fifths, and SO on. Even counting the whole losses since leaving the Pyrenees, this is a slight exaggeration. 23. At enim, etc. : a supposed objection offered by his auditors. 26. inluvie squalore: by filth and misery.' 28. ad hoc : praeusti ='frost-bitten' at the extremities 'besides.' = (prae), toes and fingers. torrida: 'parched,' 'pinched.' 31. habetis: 'you have to deal with.' Page 114. 2. committere ac profligare: 'begin and virtually decide.' 4. conficere: 'put the finishing touches to.' CHAP. XLI. 5. vestri adhortandi: vestri is neuter singu lar of vester. 7. Licuit. . . ire: I might have gone.' 9. haberem: 'I should (now) have.' 11. minorem . . . molem belli: 'a less difficult campaign.' 12. ad famam: 'upon hearing of.’ 14. Equestri proelio, qua parte: constructio ad synesim; qua parte refers to equitatus included in the adjective equestri. 15. fudi: he was not personally present. hosti: A. 228, b. cum decliincidisse not on videor; cf. note on 21. occurrere in vestigiis: 'to dog another sort of.' per: 'during the 20. timendo: ironical. 25. Ab Eryce: Eryx was the stronghold where Hamilcar had maintained himself during the last years of the first war, and whence he had to be allowed to depart with the honors of war. duodevicenis denariis: 'eighteen denarii apiece' three dollars; a low price, but the Romans probably did not think it wise to ask more. 26. aestimatos: from aes, copper valuation. 27. itinerum Herculis: Hercules is said to have passed over the Graian (Grecian) Alps in coming from Spain with the oxen of Geryon; cf. Bk. i. ch. 7. vectigalis stipendiariusque vectigal includes such regular taxation as tithes of produce, rent to the state for use of the ager publicus, port dues, and customs; stipendium is a general word for tribute, and is especially applied to a war indemnity imposed on a conquered state. The phrase here is a rhetorical exaggeration, for Carthage had paid only stipendium, and that for ten years, not twenty, so that the payment was finished in Hamilcar's lifetime. 28. quem nisi . . . = qui, nisi eum . . . agitaret: 'maddened.' respiceret: would have some regard for.' 31. scripta manu: Hamilcar had conducted the preliminary negotiations with Lutatius Catulus. 33. fremens maerensque: 'with rage and grief in his heart.' 29. Page 115. 3. velim A. 311, b; H. 486, I.; G. 250. 4. velut si . . . videatis: A. 312, R.; H. 513, II., N. I; G. 604. 7. in Africam traicere: it was but ninety miles from Sicily. 8. intra paucos dies sine ullo certamine: an absurd exaggeration, as the third Punic war shows. 10. tutelae deinde nostrae duximus : we considered them thereafter as under our protection;' the Romans allowed them, at the beginning of the Mercenaries' War, to buy grain and levy troops in Italy and Sicily, but soon seized Sardinia by an outrageous abuse of power. 13. 11. Pro his inpertitis: in return for these favors.' utinam . . . esset: A. 267, b; H. 483, 1, 2; G. 254. 15. de: note the prepositions; de with the object one fights to gain, pro (1. 16) with the object one defends. 17. nisi: 'if.. not,' not unless.' 18. quas dum, etc. = ut, dum eas, etc. 6 21. non non solum. already se as subject. corpus suum: 'himself;' we have 25. vis virtusque : paronomasia. CHAP. XLII. 27. Haec sc. dixit or egit. 31. ecquis : 'whether any.' thrown into a vase or urn, or, in this case probably, a helmet, whence they were shaken out singly (exciderat). 3. cu 5. condicionis iusque not genitive of quisque, but et cuius. tripudiis for the etymology, vide Corssen, i. 358. 6. dimicarent iterative subjunctive. 7. eiusdem homines i. e. the other prisoners. 8. spectantes vulgo: 'the mass of the spectators.' CHAP. XLIII. 10. sic . . . adfectos: in this state of mind.' paribus substantive, pairs.' 11. dimisisset: he broke up this informal gathering and called together a regular assembly of the army (contio). Polybius says he at once addressed the troops, which seems more natural. alienae sortis exemplo: i. e. at the sight of the conduct of other men in their position, serving you as an example of how you should act in yours. 12. in 14. vicimus : 'victory is ours;' perfect to express a future event regarded as absolutely certain. 15. quaedam: this pronoun is often used to introduce a metaphor, 16. nescio an: 'I rather think that,' etc. 'stronger.' straits.' maiora : 17. maioresque necessitates: 'more desperatę |