Health and Medicine in the Islamic Tradition: Change and Identity

accept according Al-Dhahabi Al-Razi al-Țibb appears Arabic asked attitude basic became become believe body caliph called cause century certain chapter child claim concerning course created cure death discussed divine doctors doctrine early effect established ethics example fact faith female give given God's Hadith hand hospital human important institutions Iran Islam knowledge known later learned literature living male means medicine mind moral Muhammad Muslim nature particularly patients Persian person physical physician poor practice prayers prohibited Prophet Prophetic Medicine question Qur'an reason regarded religion religious replied reported representatives ruler says Shi'a sick spiritual story studied Sufi Sufism Sunni taken teaching term things tion tradition treated treatment true University verses wife woman women