supposed to have had their origin; in England particularly, those whose names end in cester or chester. The form of the Roman camp was a square, and always of the same figure. In later ages, in imitation of the Greeks, they sometimes made it circular, or adapted it to the nature of the ground. It was surrounded with a ditch, usually nine feet nistra. M Cavalry of allies. REFERENCES. D Porta principalis dex N Infantry of allies. The dotted lines across the cavalry, &c. de tra. E Prætorium. note the divisions of H Roman cavalry. O Consul's and Quæs ry of the allies. R Do. foot of the allies. sional allies. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The twelve tribunes. abcdefghijkl The prefects of allies. *** The figures on the right, and bottom, are the measures of length in feet. deep and twelve feet broad, and a rampart,' composed of the earth dug from the ditch, and sharp stakes stuck into it.* The camp had four gates, one on each side, called porta PRETORIA, vel extraordinaria, next the enemy; DECUMANA, Opposite to the former, porta Principalis dextra and principalis SINISTRA.6 The camp was divided into two parts, called the upper and lower. 7 The upper part was that next the porta prætoria, in which was the general's tent, called PRETORIUM, also AUGURALE,9 from that part of it where he took the auspices,10 or AUGUSTALE, with a sufficient space around for his retinue, the prætorian cohort, &c. On one side of the prætorium were the tents of lieutenantgenerals, and on the other that of the quæstor, QUÆSTORIUM, which seems anciently to have been near the porta decumana, hence called quæstoria. Hard by the quæstor's tent was the FORUM, called also QUINTANA, where things were sold and meetings held." In this part of the camp were also the tents of the tribunes, prefects of the allies, the evocati, ablecti, and extraordinarii, both horse and foot. But in what order they were placed does not appear from the classics. We only know that a particular place was assigned both to officers and men, with which they were all perfectly acquainted. 12 and The lower part of the camp was separated from the upper by a broad open space, which extended the whole breadth of the camp, called PRINCIPIA, where the tribunal of the general was erected, when he either administered justice, or harangued the army,12 where the tribunes held their courts,13 and punishments were inflicted, the principal standards of the army, the altars of the gods stood; also the images of the emperors, by which the soldiers swore,11 and deposited their money at the standards, 15 as in a sacred place, each a certain part of his pay, and the half of a donative, which was not restored till the end of the war.16 In the lower part of the camp the troops were disposed in this manner the cavalry in the middle; on both sides of them the triarii, principes, and hastati; next to them on both sides were the cavalry and foot of the allies, who, it is observable, were always posted in separate places, lest they should form any plots" by being united. It is not agreed what was the place of 1 vallum. 2 agger. 3 sudes, valli vel pali. 4 Virg. G. ii. 25. Cæs. B. C. ii. 1. 15. Polyb. xvii. 14, 15. 5 ab tergo castrorum et hosti aversa, vel ab hoste, Liv. iii. 5. x. 32. Ces B. G, ii. 21. Civ. iii. 79. 7 pars castrorum supe- 8 ducis tabernaculum. 10 auguraculum, Fest. 11 Quin. viii. 2. 8. Liv. 12 Liv. vii. 12 Tac. An. 14 Suet. Cth. 1. Aug. 24. Liv. viii. 32. ix. 16. xxvi. 48. Tac. Ann. i. 39. iv. 2. xv. 29. Hor. Od. iv. 5. Ep. i. 1. 16. 15 ad vel apud signa. 16 Veg. ii. 20. Suet. Doni. 7. 17 nequid novæ rei mo. lirentur. the velites. They are supposed to have occupied the empty space between the ramparts and the tents, which was 200 feet broad. The same may be said of the slaves (CALONES vel servi), and retainers or followers of the camp (LIXE).1 These were little used in ancient times. A common soldier was not allowed a slave, but the officers were. The lixe were sometimes altogether prohibited.2 At other times they seem to have staid without the camp, in what was called PROCES TRIA.3 The tents (tentoria) were covered with leather or skins extended with ropes: hence sub pellibus hiemare, durare, haberi, retineri, in tents, or in camp.* In each tent were usually ten soldiers, with their decanus or petty officer who commanded them; 5 which was properly called CONTUBERNIUM, and they contubernales. Hence young noblemen, under the general's particular care, were said to serve in his tent, and were called his cONTUBERNALES. Hence, vivere in contubernio alicujus, to live in one's family. Contubernalis, a companion. The centurions and standard-bearers were posted at the head of their companies. The different divisions of the troops were separated by intervals, called VIE. Of these there were five longwise, i. e. running from the decuman towards the prætorian side; and three across, one in the lower part of the camp, called quintana, and two in the upper, namely, the principia already described, and another between the prætorium and the prætorian gate. The rows of tents between the vie were called STRIGE. 12 In pitching the camp, different divisions of the army were appointed to execute different parts of the work, under the inspection of the tribunes or centurions,10 as they likewise were during the encampment to perform different services,11 to procure water, forage, wood, &c. From these certain persons were exempted, either by law or custom, as the equites, the evocati and veterans,13 or by the favour of their commander; hence called BENEFICIARII. But afterwards this exemption used to be purchased from the centurions, which proved most pernicious to military discipline. The soldiers obliged to perform these services were called MUNIFICES.16 15 14 Under the emperors there was a particular officer in each legion who had the charge of the camp, called PREFECTUS CASTRORUM.17 1 qui exercitum seque- 5 qui iis præfuit. 2 Sal. Jug. 45. 3 ædifici extra castra, Fest. Tac. Hist. iv 22. 4 Flor. i. 12. Liv. v. 2. 37. 31. Tar. Ann. 13. 25, Cic. Acad. iv. 2. 7 Suet. Jul. 42. Cic. 11 ministeria. 12 immunes operum mi- Tac. Ann. i. 36. 14 beneficio. 15 Fest. Cæs. B. C. i.75. 16 Veg. ii. 7. 19. Tac. Ann. i. 17. Hist. i. 46. 17 Tac. Ann. i. 20. xiv. 37. Hist. ii 29. Veg. ii. 10. A certain number of maniples was appointed to keep guard at the gates, on the rampart, and in other places of the camp, before the prætorium, the tents of the legati, quæstor, and tribunes, both by day and by night,' who were changed every three hours.2 EXCUBIE denotes watches either by day or night; VIGILIE, only by night. Guards placed before the gates were properly called STATIONES, on the ramparts CUSTODIE. But statio is also put for any post; hence, vetat Pythagoras injussu imperatoris, id est, Dei, de præsidio et statione vitæ decedere, Pythagoras forbids us to quit our post and station in life without the command of the governor, that is, of God. Whoever deserted his station was punished with death.3 Every evening before the watches were set, the watch-word (symbolum) or private signal, by which they might distinguish friends from foes," was distributed through the army by means of a square tablet of wood in the form of a die, called TESSERA from its four corners. On it was inscribed whatever word or words the general chose, which he seems to have varied every night.' 8 9 . A frequent watch-word of Marius was LAR DEUS; of Sylla, APOLLO DELPHICUS; and of Cæsar, VENUS GENITRIX, &c.; of Brutus, LIBERTAS. It was given by the general to the tribunes and præfects of the allies, by them to the centurions, and by them to the soldiers. The person who carried the tessera from the tribunes to the centurions, was called TESSERARIUS. 10 In this manner also the particular commands of the general were made known to the troops, which seems likewise sometimes to have been done viva voce.11 Every evening when the general dismissed his chief officers and friends,12 after giving them his commands, all the trumpets sounded.1 13 14 the Certain persons were every night appointed to round go watches; hence called CIRCUITORES, vel circitores. This seems to have been at first done by the equites and tribunes, on extraordinary occasions by the legati and general himself, At last particular persons were chosen for that purpose by the tribunes. 15 The Romans used only wind-instruments of music in the army. Those were the TUBA, straight like our trumpet; CORnu, the horn, bent almost round; BUCCINA, similar to the horn, commonly used by the watches; LITUUS, the clarion, bent a little at the end, like the augur's staff or lituus; all of brass: whence 1 agere excubias vel 2 Polyb. vi. 33. 4 antequam vigilia dis ponerentur. 5 Dio. xliii. 34. 10 Tac. Hist. i. 25. 13 Liv. xxx. 5. xxi. 54. xxvi. 15. xxxvii. 5. 14 circumire vel obire. 15 Liv. xxii. 1. xxviii. 24. Sall. Jug. 45. Veg. iii. 8. those who blew them were called ÆNEATORES. The tuba was used as a signal for the foot, the lituus for the horse; but they are sometimes confounded, and both called concha, because first made of shells.1 The signal was given for changing the watches 2 with a trumpet or horn (tuba),3 hence ad tertiam buccinam, for vigiliam,* and the time was determined by hour-glasses." A principal part of the discipline of the camp consisted in exercises (whence the army was called EXERCITUS), walking and running completely armed; leaping, swimming; vaulting 8 upon horses of wood; shooting the arrow, and throwing the javelin; attacking a wooden figure of a man as a real enemy;" the carrying of weights, &c." 14 10 12 When the general thought proper to decamp," he gave the signal for collecting their baggage, whereupon all took down their tents, 13 but not till they saw this done to the tents of the general and tribunes.1 Upon the next signal they put their baggage on the beasts of burden, and upon the third signal began to march; first the extraordinarii and the allies of the right wing with their baggage; then the legions; and last of all the allies of the left wing, with a party of horse in the rear, (ad agmen cogendum, i. e. colligendum, to prevent straggling,) and sometimes on the flanks, in such order 15 that they might readily be formed into a line of battle if an enemy attacked them. An army in close array was called agmen pilatum, vel justum.16 When under no apprehension of an enemy, they were less guarded." The form of the army on march, however, varied, according to circumstances and the nature of the ground. It was sometimes disposed into a square (AGMEN QUADRATUM), with the baggage in the middle. 18 Scouts (speculatores) were always sent before to reconnoitre the ground 19 A certain kind of soldiers under the emperors were called SPECULATORES. 20 The soldiers were trained with great care to observe the military pace, and to follow the standards.22 For that purpose, when encamped, they were led out thrice a month, sometimes 1 Suet. Jul. 32. A cron. 7 Liv. xxiii. 35. xxvi. |