passed in the consulship of L. Junius Norbanus, A. U. 771, those freed per epistolam, inter amicos, or by the other less solemn methods, did not obtain the rights of Roman citizens, but of the Latins who were transplanted into colonies. Hence they were called LATINI JUNIANI, or simply LATINI.1 Slaves when made free used to shave their heads in the temple of Feronia, and received a cap or hat, as a badge of liberty.2 They also were presented with a white robe and a ring by their master. They then assumed a prænomen, and prefixed the name of their patron to their own. Thus, Marcus Tullius Tiro, the freedman of Cicero. In allusion to which, Persius says, verterit hunc dominus; momento turbinis exit MARCUS Dama. Hence, tanquam habeas tria nomina, for tanquam liber sis.1 So foreigners, when admitted into the freedom of the city, assumed the name of that person by whose favour they obtained it.5 Patrons retained various rights over their freedmen. If the patron was reduced to poverty, the freedman was bound, in the same manner as a son, to support him, according to his abilities. And if a patron failed to support his freedman when poor, he was deprived of the rights of patronage. If a freedman died intestate, without heirs, the patron succeeded to his effects. Those freedmen who proved ungrateful to their patrons were condemned to the mines; and the emperor Claudius, by a law, reduced them to their former slavery.' I-RUSTIC SLAVES. Villicus, steward, overseer, or Villica, wife of do. Sarritor vel Sartor, hoer or Occator, ditto, ditto, or clodbreaker. Runcator, weeder. Arator, ploughman or tiller. Vindemiator vel Vindemitor, Olivitor, dresser of olive trees. Capulator, spoon or ladle man, (for oil). 1 Plin. Ep. x. 105, 3 Suppose his master ing whirled round (lit. 5 Cic. Fam. xiii, 35, 36. Pecori præfectus vel Pecoris Bubulcus vel Bubsequa, ox-dri- Porcarius, Subulcus, herd for young pigs. 11-RUSTIC, OR URBAN (According to Circumstances.) Venator, hunter. Vestigator, game finder o tracker, sometimes of bees. Indagator, ditto, or toil setter, sometimes of bees. Alator, game-driver or chaser. Auceps, fowler. libertum, qui probatus ed according to their occupations, is extracted from Blair's valuable work on the "State of Slavery amongst the Romans, Edin. 1833.-ED, RIGHTS OF ROMAN CITIZENS, AND OF THE DIFFERENT INHABITANTS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. WHILE Rome was but small and thinly inhabited, whoever fixed their abode in the city or Roman territory, obtained the rights of citizens. Piscator vel Piscatui præpositus, fisherman, chief ditto. Agitator, driver, of various descriptions. Epistates, superintendant. Ergastulus vel Ergastularius, work-house master. Exactor operum, taskmaster. Monitor, ditto. Lorarius, scourger. Servus fornacarius, furnace, oven, or kiln man. Gallinarius, hen or poultry keeper. Aviarius, aviary keeper. Curator vel Pastor anserum, tur. dorum, &c. keeper or feeder of geese, thrushes, &c. Altiliarius vel Fartor, bird fat tener or crammer. Mansuetarius vel Domitor, tam- Carrucarius, wain-driver. Junctor, yoker or groom. Equisio vel Equitius, Equorum magister vel custos, Agaso vel Strator, horse keeper or groom. Servus a cura canis, dog or kennel keeper. Aquarius, water manager. Minister fontanus, fountain man. Servus qui curabat sterquilinia et latrinas, scavenger or manure collector. III.-URBAN SLAVES. 1.HOUSEHOLD SLAVES. Coquus, cook. Archimagirus, chief ditto. Pulmentarius, pottage-maker. Salmentarius, pickler. Offarius, pastry cook. Dulciarius, confectioner. Lactarius, milk-dresser or dai Mensæ præpositus, table steward. Obsonator, orderer of bill of fare. Servus tricliniaris vel Servus tricliniarius, banqueting-room slaves. Tricliniarcha vel Architriclinius, chief of ditto. Lectisterniator, couch-spreader. Mensæ detersor, table-wiper. Structor, arranger of dishes or ornamental confectioner. Calator vel invitator, inviter. Vocator, ditto, or summoner, or announcer. Infertor, server. Pocillator, cup-bearer. Serva ad cyathos, female ditto. Diætarius vel Zatarius, attendant at meals. Custos, watchman. Ostiarius vel Janitor, porter or door-keeper. Ostiaria vel Janitrix, female do. Velarius, curtain or hanging keeper. Atriensis vel Atrarius, hallkeeper, or hall slave generally. Edituus, house-cleaner. Scoparius, sweeper. Mediastinus, ditto, or drudge generally. Supellecticarius vel Servus a supellectili, furniture-keeper. Corinthiarius vel Servus a Corinthis, keeper of brazen vases, &c. Argento præpositus, silver-plate keeper. Auro præpositus, gold plate keeper. 2. PERSONAL ATTENDANTS. Cubicularius, bedchamber slave, valet de chambre. Silentiarius, silence-keeper or husher. Serv. ad somnum, sleep-watcher Quietis minister, ditto. Balneator, bath-keeper or man ager. Fornacator, bath-furnace heater. Tonstrix, female ditto. Ornator, adorner or hair-dresser, Ornatrix, female ditto. Ornatrix a tutulo, female hairdresser in the tutulus fashion. Ornatrix auriculæ vel ab auricula, ear-ring woman. Cinerarius, hair-curler. Ciniflo, ditto, or powderer. Cosmeta, toilet slave, either male or female. Vestitor, dresser. Servus a veste vel Vestiarius, wardrobe-keeper. Vestiaria, female ditto. Vestiplica, female dress-folder. Vestispicus, dress inspector or keeper. Vestispica, female ditto. Capsarius, press or chest keeper. Puer a matella, pot de chambre boy. Servus qui nunciabat horas, hour-caller. Monitor, remembrancer. Salutiger vel Salutigerulus, message or compliments. bearer. Servus qui muscas fugaret, flyflapper. Flabellifer, fan-bearer. Flabellifera, female ditto. Umbrellifer, umbrella or parasol-bearer. Umbrellifera, female ditto. Sandaliger vel Sandaligerulus sandal-bearer. Alipilus vel Alipilarius, hair Sandaligerula vel Ancilla a san extractor. Tonsor, barber. dalio, female ditto. Analecta, picker up. To increase the number of citizens, Romulus opened an asylum or sanctuary for fugitive slaves, insolvent debtors, and malefactors, whither great numbers flocked from the neighbouring states, because no one could be taken from thence to punishment. Even vanquished enemies were transplanted to Rome, and became citizens. In this manner the freedom of the city was granted by Romulus to the Cœninenses, Camerini, Anteni 3.-UPPER SERVANTS. Actor, manager or "homme d'- Tabularius vel Calculator vel 4.-NURSERY SLAVES, AND Servus a bibliothecis vel a bibli- Medicus, physician or medical otheca, librarian. Lector, reader. Aret logus vel Fabulator, story teller. Actuarius, journal-keeper. Amanuensis vel Servus a manu, secretary, clerk, or amanuensis. Monsters and Buffoons. Morio, fool or idiot. Fatuus, idiot. Fatua, female ditto. Nacus vel Pumilio, dwarf. man generally. Architectus, architect. Structor, builder. Comedus, ditto, or comedian, Histrio, player. Mimus, mime. Mima, female ditto. Pantomimus, pantomime. Citharedus vel Fidicen, harper Tympanistria, female drummer Auriga, charioteer in the circus. 6.-MILITARY ATTENDANTS, Armiger, armour-bearer. nates, Crustumini, and at last also to the Sabines. This example was imitated by his successors, who transplanted the Albans and other vanquished tribes to Rome. Likewise after the expulsion of the kings, the freedom of the city was given to a great many, especially after the taking and burning of the city by the Gauls; at which time, that it might be rebuilt with more splendour, new citizens were assumed from the Veientes, Capenates, and Falisci.2 Besides those who had settled in the Roman territory, and who were divided into city and country tribes, the freedom of the city was granted to several foreign towns, which were called MUNICIPIA, and the inhabitants MUNICIPES, because they might enjoy offices at Rome. When any of these fixed their abode at Rome, they became CIVES INGENUI. Hence it happened that the same person might enjoy the highest honours both at Rome and in his own free town. Thus Milo, while he stood candidate for the consulship at Rome, was dictator in his own native city Lanuvium. The free town in which one was born was called patria GERMANA, naturæ vel loci. Rome, (qua exceptus est,) patria COMMUNIS, civitatis vel juris.5 7 But when the Roman empire was more widely extended, and the dignity of a Roman citizen of course began to be more valued, the freedom of the city was more sparingly conferred, and in different degrees, according to the different merits of the allies towards the republic. To some the right of voting was given, and to others not. The people of Cære were the first who obtained the freedom of the city without the right of voting, for having received the sacred things of the Roman people, the vestal virgins and priests, when they fled from the Gauls. The freedom of the city was soon after given in this manner to the people of Capua, Fundi, Formiæ, Čumæ, and Sinuessa, to the inhabitants of Acerra, and of Anagnia, &c. The inhabitants of Lanuvium, Aricia, Nomentum, Pedum, and Privernum,10 received the freedom of the city with the right of voting.11 But several cities of the Hernici preferred their own laws.12 In process of time, this right was granted to all the allies of the Latin name; and after the Social or Italian war, it was communicated to all the Italians south of the river Rubicon on the upper sea, and of the city Luca on the lower sea. Afterwards the same right was granted to Cisalpine Gaul, which hence began to be called Gallia Togata. Augustus was very sparing in conferring the freedom of the city; but the succeeding emperors were more liberal, and at different times granted it to different cities and nations. At last Caracalla 1 Liv. i. 8. xxxv. 51. 3 munia v. munera ca- 5 Cic. Legg. ii. 2, 8 A. Gell. xvi. 13. 9 Liv. viii. 14. 17. granted the freedom of Roman citizens to all the inhabitants of the Roman world. Those who did not enjoy the right of citizens were anciently called HOSTES, and afterwards PEREGRINI. After Rome had extended her empire, first over Latium, then over Italy, and lastly over great part of the world, the rights which the subjects of that empire enjoyed came to be divided into four kinds; which may be called jus Quiritium, jus Latii, jus Italicum, jus provinciarum vel provinciale. JUS QUIRITIUM Comprehended all the rights of Roman citizens, which were different at different times. The rights of Roman citizens were either private or public: the former were properly called jus Quiritium, and the latter jus civitatis,2 as with us there is a distinction between denization and naturalization. I. PRIVATE RIGHTS OF ROMAN CITIZENS. THE private rights of Roman citizens were, 1. Jus libertatis, the right of liberty; 2. Jus gentilitatis et familiæ, the right of family; 3. Jus connubii, the right of marriage; 4. Jus patrium, the right of a father; 5. Jus dominii legitimi, the right of legal property; 6. Jus testamenti et hæreditatis, the right of making a will, and of succeeding to an inheritance; 7. Jus tutelæ, the right of tutelage or wardship. 1. THE RIGHT OF LIBERTY. THIS Comprehended LIBERTY, not only from the power of masters, but also from the dominion of tyrants, the severity of magistrates, the cruelty of creditors, and the insolence of more powerful citizens. After the expulsion of Tarquin, a law was made by Brutus that no one should be king at Rome, and that whoever should form a design of making himself king, might be slain with impunity. At the same time the people were bound by an oath, that they would never suffer a king to be created. Roman citizens were secured against the tyrannical treatment of magistrates, first, by the right of appealing from them to the people, and that the person who appealed should in no manner be punished, till the people determined the matter; but chiefly, by the assistance of their tribunes. None but the whole Roman people in the Comitia Centuriata, could pass sentence on the life of a Roman citizen. No magistrate was allowed to punish him by stripes or capitally. The single expression, "I AM A ROMAN CITIZEN," checked their severest decrees.4 |