hence frena LUPata,' or LUPI. Fræna injicere, concutere, accipere, mandere, detrahere, laxare, &c. Frænum mordere, to be impatient under restraint or subjection; but in Martial and Statius,* to bear tamely. The bit was sometimes made of gold, as the collars (monilia), which hung from the horses' necks; and the coverings for their backs (strata) were adorned with gold and purple.3-2. The reins (HABENÆ, vel lora); hence habenas corripere, flectere, v. moliri, to manage; dare, immittere, effundere, laxare, permittere, to let out; adducere, to draw in, and supprimere.+ 5 To certain animals, a head-stall or muzzle (CAPISTRUM) was applied, sometimes with iron spikes fixed to it, as to calves or the like, when weaned, or with a covering for the mouth (fiscella); hence fiscellis capistrare boves, to muzzle; Qiμovy,3 os consuere. But capistrum is also put for any rope or cord; hence vitem capistro constringere, to bind; jumenta capistrare, to tie with a halter, or fasten to the stall." The person who directed the chariot and the horses, was called AURIGA;' or agitator, the charioteer or driver; also MODERATOR. But these names are applied chiefly to those who contended in the circus, or directed chariots in war, and always stood upright in their chariots (insistebant curribus): hence AURIGARE for currum regere; and AURIGARIUS, a person who kept chariots for running in the circus.9 Auriga is the name of a constellation in which are two stars, called HEDI (the kids), above the horns of Taurus. On the head of Taurus, are the Hyades (ab úɛ, pluere), or Suculæ (a suibus),10 called pluvia by Virgil, and tristes by Horace; because at their rising and setting, they were supposed to produce rains; on the neck, or, as Servius says, ante genua tauri; in cauda tauri septem PLEIADES, or VERGILIE, the seven stars; sing. Pleias vel PLIAS.11 13 AGITATOR is also put for agaso,1 12 a person who drove any beasts on foot. But drivers were commonly denominated from the name of the carriage; thus, rhedarius, plaustrarius, &c., or of the animals which drew it; thus, MULIO, commonly put for a muleteer, who drove mules of burden; as equiso for a person who broke or trained horses 15 to go with an ambling pace; under the magister equorum, the chief manager of horses. The horses of Alexander and Cæsar would admit no riders but themselves.1 14 4 3 The driver commonly sat behind the pole, with the whip in his right hand, and the reins in the left; hence he was said sedere prima sella, sedere temone, v. primo temone, i. e. in sella proxima temoni, and temone labi, v. excuti, to be thrown from his seat; sometimes dressed in red,2 or scarlet; sometimes he walked on foot. When he made the carriage go slower, he was said, currum equosque sustinere; when he drew it back or aside, retorquere et avertere. Those who rode in a carriage or on horseback were said vehi, or portari, evehi, or invehi; those carried in a hired vehicle," VECTORES: so passengers in a ship; but vector is also put for one who carries: fulminis vector, i. e. aquilo, as vehens and invehens, for one who is carried. When a person mounted a chariot, he was said currum conscendere, ascendere, inscendere, et insilire, which is usually applied to mounting on horseback, saltu in currum emicare; when helped up, or taken up by any one, curru v. in currum tolli. The time for mounting in hired carriages was intimated by the driver's moving his rod or cracking his whip; to dismount, descendere v. desilire. 7 The Romans painted their carriages with different colours, and decorated them with various ornaments, with gold and silver, and even with precious stones, as the Persians.8 OF THE CITY. ROME was built on seven hills (colles, montes, arces, vel juga, nempe, Palatinus, Quirinalis, Aventinus, Cœlius, Viminalis, Exquilinus, et Janicularis); hence called urbs SEPTICOLLIS, or sepTEMGEMINA; by the Greeks, Taλoos, and a festival was celebrated in December, called SEPTIMONTIUM, to commemorate the addition of the seventh hill.9 The Janiculum seems to be improperly ranked by Servius among the seven hills of Rome; because, though built on, and fortified by Ancus, it does not appear to have been included within the city, although the contrary is asserted by several authors, 10 The collis Capitolinus, vel Tarpeius, which Servius omits, ought to have been put instead of it. The Janiculum, collis Hortulorum, and Vaticanus, were afterwards added. 1. Mons PALATINUS, vel PALATIUM, the Palatine mount, on which alone Romulus built." Here Augustus had his house; and the succeeding emperors, as Romulus had before: hence the emperor's house was called PALATIUM, a palace, DOMUS PALATINA; and in later times, those who attended the emperor were called PALATINI. 2. CAPITOLINUS, so called from the capitol built on it, formerly named SATURNIUS, from Saturn's having dwelt there, and TARPEIUS, from Tarpeia, who betrayed the citadel to the Sabines, to whom that mount was assigned to dwell in.2 3. AVENTINUS, the most extensive of all the hills, named from an Alban king of that name, who was buried on it; the place which Remus chose to take the omens, therefore said not to have been included within the Pomærium3 till the time of Claudius. But others say, it was joined to the city by Ancus, called also collis MURCIUS, from Murcia, the goddess of sleep, who had a chapel (sacellum) on it; collis DIANE, from a temple of Diana; and REMONIUS, from Remus, who wished the city to be founded there. 4 4. QUIRINALIS is supposed to have been named from a temple of Romulus, called also Quirinus, which stood on it, or from the Sabines, who came from Cures, and dwelt there: added to the city by Servius; called in later times, mons Caballi, or Caballinus, from two marble horses placed there. 5. CELIUS, named from CÆLES Vibenna, a Tuscan leader, who came to the assistance of the Romans against the Sabines, with a body of men, and got this mount to dwell on; added to the city by Romulus according to Dionys. ii. 50, by Tullus Hostilius, according to Liv. i. 30, by Ancus Martius, according to Strabo, v. p. 234, by Tarquinius Priscus, according to Tacit. Ann. iv. 65; anciently called QUERQUETULANUS, from the oaks which grew on it; in the time of Tiberius ordered to be called AUGUSTUS; afterwards named LATERANUS, where the popes long resided, before they removed to the Vatican. 6. VIMINALIS, named from thickets of osiers which grew there,' or fagutalis (from fagi, beeches); added to the city by Servius Tullius.8 7. EXQUILINUS, Exquiliæ, vel Esquiliæ, supposed to be named from thickets of oaks (esculeta) which grew on it, or from watches kept there (excubia); added to the city by Servius Tullius.9 10 JANICULUM, named from Janus, who is said to have first built on it, the most favourable place for taking a view of the city. From its sparkling sands, it got the name of mons Aureus, and by corruption MONTORIUS. VATICANUS, SO called, because the Romans got possession of it, by expelling the Tuscans, according to the counsel of the soothsayers (vates); or from the predictions uttered there, adjoining to the Janiculum, on the north side of the Tiber,1 disliked by the ancients, on account of its bad air,2 noted for producing bad wine, now the principal place in Rome, where are the pope's palace, called St Angelo, the Vatican library, one of the finest in the world, and St Peter's church. 3 COLLIS HORTULORUM, so called, from its being originally, covered with gardens; taken into the city by Aurelian; afterwards called PINCIUS, from the Pincii, a noble family who had their seat there. The gates of Rome at the death of Romulus were three, or at most four; in the time of Pliny thirty-seven, when the circumference of the walls was thirteen miles 200 paces; it was divided by Augustus into fourteen regiones, wards or quarters." The principal gates were,-1. Porta FLAMINIA, through which the Flaminian road passed; called also FLUMENTANA, because it lay near the Tiber.-2. COLLINA (a collibus Quirinali et Viminali), called also QUIRINALIS, AGONENSIS vel SALARIA. To this gate Hannibal rode up, and threw a spear within the city.-3. VIMINALIS.-4. ESQUILINA, anciently Metia, Labicana, vel Lavicana, without which criminals were punished.'-5. NEVIA, so called from one Nævius, who possessed the grounds near it.-6. CARMENTALIS, through which the Fabii went, from their fate called SCELERATA. –7. СAPKNA, through which the road to Capua passed.-8. TRIUMPHALIS, through which those who triumphed entered, but authors are not agreed where it stood. Between the Porta Viminalis and Esquilina, without the wall, is supposed to have been the camp of the PRETORIAN cohorts, or milites PRÆTORIANI, a body of troops instituted by Augustus to guard his person, and called by that name, in imitation of the select band which attended a Roman general in battle, composed of nine cohorts, according to Dio Cassius, of ten, consisting each of a thousand men, horse and foot,10 chosen only from Italy, chiefly from Etruria and Umbria, or ancient Latium. Under Vitellius sixteen prætorian cohorts were raised, and four to guard the city. Of these last, Augustus instituted only three.' Severus new-modelled the prætorian bands, and increased them to four times the ancient number. They were composed of the soldiers draughted from all the legions on the frontier. They were finally suppressed by Constantine, and their fortified camp destroyed. 1 Hor. Od. i. 20. Gell. xvi. 17. Festus. 2 infamis aer, Frontin. Tac. Hist. ii. 93. 3 Mart. vi. 92. xii. 48. 14. 4 Suet. Ner. 50. 12 5 Pin. iii. 5. s. 9. 6 Liv. v. 41. xxxvi. 10. 11 5 11 Tac. Ann. iv. 1 Those only were allowed to enlarge the city who had extended the limits of the empire. Tacitus, however, observes, that although several generals had subdued many nations, yet no one after the kings assumed the right of enlarging the pomærium, except Sylla and Augustus, to the time of Claudius. But other authors say, this was done also by Julius Cæsar. The last who did it was Aurelian.2 Concerning the number of inhabitants in ancient Rome, we can only form conjectures. Lipsius computes them, in its most flourishing state, at four millions. PUBLIC BUILDINGS OF THE ROMANS. I. TEMPLES. Of these the chief were, 1. The CAPITOL, so called because, when the foundations of it were laid, a human head is said to have been found (CAPUT Oli vel Toli cujusdam), with the face entire ; 3 built on the Tarpeian or Capitoline mount, by Tarquinius Superbus, and dedicated by Horatius; burned A. U. 670, rebuilt by Sylla, and dedicated by Q. Catulus, A. U. 675; again burned by the soldiers of Vitellius, A. D. 70, and rebuilt by Vespasian. At his death it was burned a third time, and restored by Domitian, with greater magnificence than ever. A few vestiges of it still remain. CAPITOLIUM is sometimes put for the mountain on which the temple stood, and sometimes for the temple itself. The edifice of the Capitol was in the form of a square, extending nearly 200 feet on each side. It contained three temples," consecrated to Jupiter, Minerva, and Juno. The temple of Jupiter was in the middle, whence he is called media qui sedet æde DEUS, the god who sits in the middle temple. The temple of Minerva was on the right, whence she is said to have obtained the honours next to Jupiter; and the temple of Juno on the left." Livy, however, places Juno first, iii, 15. So also Ovid, Trist. ii. 291. 7 8 The Capitol was the highest part in the city, and strongly fortified; hence called ARX;10 Capitolium atque arx, arx Capitolii. The ascent to the Capitol from the forum was by 100 steps. It was most magnificently adorned; the very gilding of it is said to have cost 12,000 talents, i. e. £1,976,250; 11 hence called AUREA, and FULGENS. The gates were of brass, and the tiles gilt. 12 1 pomærium proferre. Gell. xiii. 14. Vopisc. 3 facie integra, Liv. i. 4 Tac. Hist. iii. 72. Liv. 7 Liv. vi. 4. Diony. iv. 61. Ov. Pont. iv. 9.32. 8 proximos illi, sc. Jovi, tamen occupavit Pallas 9 P. Victor. in descr. 1 possit hostis prohiberi, Var. L. L. iv. 32. vel ab axpos, summus. Plat. Popl. Tac. Hist. iii. 71. Liv. ii. 49. iii. 15. viii. 6. Flor. iii. 21. 12 Virg. ib. 318. Plin. xxxiii 3. Hor. Od. iii, 3. 43. Liv. x. 23. |