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though not a seafaring, a commercial people. Carriers of
ancient world-propagators at once of Mahometanism
and inland commerce. Re-open the communication be-
tween extremities of Asia and Europe. Erect a naval
power-acquire empire of Mediterranean

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make voy-
ages of commerce and maritime discovery — penetrate
Chinese seas - traverse Indian ocean. Commercial in-
fluences of Mahometanism replaced and excelled by
those of Christianity. Civil and social influences of Gos-
pel. Husbandry in disrepute among the barbarian con-
querors of Roman empire-revived by Mahometanism
and the Crusades. Holland Netherlands - north of
Germany - schools of Agriculture established. Sicily
-Italy-agricultural industry restored. Manufactures..
Branches cultivated among the Saracens, imported by
Crusades. Silk stuffs -Manufactories-transit of through
Sicily and Italy to France and England. Cloths
Netherlands - excel fabrics of East. Military arms
Milan competes with Damascus and Toledo. Glass
and paper
Manufactories introduced from Spain and
Tyre. Commerce. Navigation as a science, the offspring
of the Crusades. Mariner's compass. History of com-
merce changed by influences of Christianity. Portugal
and Spain — discovery voyages — connected with agency
of Islamism coincident with its fall in West. New
route to India-New World. Portuguese empire in India
counteractive of Ottoman power. Christianity and Ma-
hometanism, in their opposite commercial careers, meet at
the Cape of Good Hope. Portuguese persecutions -
Inquisition of God. Great Britain - Episcopal church in
India - prospects of Christianity.

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SECTION XIII.-Pages 246-360.

ANALOGY BETWEEN CHRISTIANITY AND MAHOMETANISM, IN
THEIR INFLUENCES ON ARTS, SCIENCES, PHILOSOPHY, AND

LITERATURE.

Industry and commerce parents of science and civilization.
This principle signally exemplified during interval be-
tween eighth and sixteenth centuries. Joint agency of
Christianity and Mahometanism instrumental to the en-
tire process of improvement. Parallel action of the two
creeds for mental renovation of mankind-in producing
the intellectual wealth of modern Europe. Erection of
great cities throughout East and West. Cities of Spain.
and Italy chief seats of commerce · these countries the
providential sources of general revival of letters. Ma-
hometan knowledge originally derived from Christianity
-subsequently resigned back to right owner. Saracens

tecture

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never effected conquests without founding cities. Archi-
character of Saracenic style - Progress of in
Asia Africa Spain. Visits of Europeans- especially
of ecclesiastics to Saracen Spain A. D. 900-1100.
Intercourse of Crusaders with cities of East. Coinci-
dent rise of architectural school in Europe - probabilities
respecting origin. Previous state of European architec-
ture. Lombard school exchanged for Norman. Its
marked resemblance to Saracenic. French architects

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accompany S. Louis into East -on their return erect Holy
Chapel and Church of Chartreux at Paris. Saracenic
architecture discovers first principles - Gothic reaches
perfection of pointed style. Sculpture - painting —
Saracens precluded from cultivating by religion. Music
Saracenic — its connection with restoration of art in
West. Geography. Its study promoted by Saracen dis-
coveries. Science of, advanced by Arabs. Practically
restored in Europe by Crusades by early voyagers.
Scientifically perfected by subsequent agency of Christi-
anity. Mathematics. Study congenial to Saracens.

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Source of all their mental advances. Arabs imparted

to West previous knowledge of Greeks-improved by

their own.

Arithmetical notation — cyphers of Saracenic

derivation passage of into Europe. Algebra. Its in-

vention by Arabs probable-its first application certain.

Their algebraic discoveries. Moderns excel ancients in

mathematical sciences. our debt to Spanish Saracens.

Astronomy. Peculiarly the science of the East. Ara-

bians eminent in- correct and improve on Greeks. Al-

batagnus-worthy precursor of Newton. Saracens dis-

cern defectiveness of Ptolemaic system. Transit of

astronomy into Christian West. Roger Bacon pupil

of Arabs- emendator of Kalendar anticipator of Co-

pernicansystem. Optics. Arabs first restorers of. Al Hazen

-immediate successor of Ptolemy-though at an interval

of 1000 years

his great optical discoveries followed

by Roger Bacon-glasses - theory of the telescope —
foresight of invention of Galileo. Chemistry. Saracens
its undisputed inventors. Greeks theorists—Arabs ex-
perimentalists. Alchemy fosterer of chemistry. Marks
of Providence. Proficiency of Arabians in chemical sci-
ence its introduction into Catholic Europe. Alchemy
the superstition of science-its uses again apparent.
Roger Bacon Robert Boyle - Sir Humphry Davy.
England unrivalled in chemical science. Gas-Steam
Watt. Medicine. Arabs study Greeks - distance their
preceptors. Pharmacopoeia enlarged by chemistry. Me-
dical analysis of vegetable and animal substances — of
metals of minerals mercury — fruits of chemical re-
searches of Arab physicians. Botany. Science of me-
dicine progress of Arabs in. Doctrine of symptoms.
Classes of malady discovered. Transmission of art of
medicine into Christian Europe. Saracen medical semi-
naries -Norman school of Salerno. Way led by church—
Monte Casino-monastery of Constantine Afer. Subse-
quent progress of art of healing among the happiest so-
cial influences of Gospel. Hospitals. The first founded
by S. Ephrem Syrus. Multiplied by Crusades. Charit-

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able foundations for sick religious societies for their
superintendance. Christian charity the great auxiliary
of medical science. Harvey. Philosophy. Its revival and
progress-effects of Mahometan and Christian faiths. Phi-
losophy of Greeks—its meridian in the age of Alexander.
Moral branch raised by Eclectic school-its unacknow-
ledged plagiarisms from Christianity—its early disappear-
ance-instrumental in forming school of the Fathers. Arabs
pass boundary line between ancient and modern learning.
Aristotle their one great guide his practical spirit meets
and awakens experimental genius of Saracens - harmo-
nizes with their religious belief. Arabs enlarge their ex-
periments and their inductions-reach solid conclusions.
Peculiar service rendered to philosophy by Mahometanism.
Reception of by Catholic Europe. Gothic and German
character adapted to pursuit of physics. Its superi-
ority of judgment-frees itself from shackles of Aris-
totelic system. Churchmen and physicians the only
scholars of the age.
Peculiar service rendered to philo-
sophy by Christianity. Effects of the two creeds on his-
tory of modern philosophy. Logic and metaphysics.
Studied by Saracens for defence of Mahometan faith.
Controversies with Jews and Christians — origin of Ara-
bian scholastic theology. Rise of scholastic disputes in the
bosom of Mahometanism—transformed into a chaos of con-
tradictory tenets-Saracenic intellect edged by dialectic
debate directed to substantial objects. Arabs first
unite abstract science with experiment. Union augments
powers of both. Scholastic theology of Arabians the origin
of Christian schoolmen. Mahometan Ramists and Radi-
calists Christian Realists and Nominalists. Aristotle
- in Arabic version and with Arabic comments-equally
supreme director of both schools. Effects also similar.
Bad effects-beneficial effects on Christendom. Pro-
vidence triumphantly justified in the result. Scholastic
theology the pioneer of experimental philosophy. Moral
science. Fitness of the Saracens for ethical pursuits.

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Aristotle their chosen preceptor in ethics. Practical
moralists illustrious examples. Romance of Hai Ebn
Yokdan. Exalted philosophy of Al Gazal. Progress of
Arabian learning inseparable from influences of Maho-
metanism. Subsequent agency of Christianity-advance-
ment of moral science. Jews a providential link between
Mahometan and Christian worlds-especially in history
of ethics. Experimental philosophy rise of among
Saracens connected with their progress in physics.
Arabs soon employ physical facts in service of reason.
Mr. Sharon Turner - character of Arab philosophers.
Effects of their writings on their European contemporaries.
Progress from facts to principles-from experiments to
laws. Roger Bacon-an experimentalist, of Saracenic
school the unowned preceptor of Lord Bacon. Ele-
ments of the Novum Organum in the Opus Majus. Table
of direct coincidences - comprises several of the most
important deductions of the Baconian philosophy. New
law of philosophy traced to the impulse given by Maho-
metanism. Literature. Poetry and romance among Arabs
before Mahomet-Moallakat-Antar. Both branches of
polite letters most probably introduced into France and
Italy from Asia and Spain. Saracen romances. Moorish
origin of Spanish literature. Songs and ballads of Trou-
badours Arabesque. Rise of Italian poetry of En-
glish connection with effects of Mahometanism. Inter-
vention of Judaism-conspicuously providential. Jews
from commercial converted into intellectual carriers of the
world. Public schools-colleges-universities of Saracen
empire: models to Christian Europe. Comparative scale
of the universities of Bagdad and Paris. Public libraries.
Cordova Cairo - Fez notice of libraries in above

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seventy opened in cities of Andalusia. These found-
ations imitated in West. S. Louis Royal library of
Paris. Encouragement of learned men-by caliphs of
Asia and Spain by the Italian states. Learned so-
cieties established in Saracen Spain-illustrious fe-