stipends in Venice are 301. for a rector and 177. for a curate. The ordinary income of a cardinal, who is next in dignity to the pope, is from 4001. to 500l. per annum. Instead of 70, the full number of cardinals, only 46 places in the sacred college are filled up, of whom, it is conjectured, one third are supported by their respective nations. The number of bishops is arbitrary and is lessening. The monks and nuns are dwindled to a small number, who are extremely poor. In Austria, properly so called, there are 18,918,800 subjects, and 19,000 clergymen, with an income of 950,000l., or 50,0001, per million. Here the Emperor has the power to tax church property as he pleases; so that benefices are not to be taken at their nominal income. This remark applies also to Hungary and Austrian Italy. The Emperor Joseph set the example of suppressing the rich ecclesiastical establishments and equalizing the incomes of the episcopal and parochial clergy. Monasteries in Austria are few and not rich. The population of Switzerland is two-thirds Calvinists, and one-third Catholics. Hearers are estimated at 1,720,000, the clergy at 1,700, with an income of 87,000%, or 50,000l. per million. In many parts of Switzerland is to be witnessed the edifying spectacle of the two Christian sects, the Calvinists and Catholics, using the same church alternately at different hours; there being a communion-table for the Protestants and an altar for the Catholics. Here it should be observed, that in statistical nomenclature, the Calvinists signify not the believers in the doctrines of Calvin, but the Reformed who are not Lutherans. Prussia is computed to have 10,536,571 hearers, of various sects, and 9,578 clergymen, with an income of 527,000l., being at the rate of 50,0007. per million. Here all religions are on an equal footing, and all subjects are equally eligible to civil and military offices. The population is classed into six millions of Lutherans, four millions of Catholics, and 300,000 Presbyterians, of which last denomination are the King and Royal Family, and many of the nobles. In Silesia is an admirable regulation, established by Frederic the Great, that no clergyman is admissible to a cure who does not produce attestations of his having learned and practised the system of education for the people, introduced by Felbiger, the Augustinian monk. The German States, exclusive of Austria and Prussia, are supposed to contain, 12,763,500 people, with 11,600 clergy, having an income of 765,000l., viz. at the rate of 60,0007. per million of people. In Saxony the people are Lutherans; the royal family, who are extremely beloved, Catholics. In Brunswick and Hanover, Lutheran countries, the clergy are said to be best provided for. There is a regulation in Hanover that a clergyman shall not go from one living to another, unless he has been seven years in his first parish. The number of hearers in the kingdom of the Netherlands is estimated at 5,000,000, of whom the Dutch, one-half Calvinists, one-fourth Catholics, one-fourth other sects, are 2,000,000, the Flemish, all Catholics, are 3,000,000. For these, there are 4,540 clergymen, whose income is 265,0007., being at the rate of 80,000%. per million of people of Holland, and of 35,000l. per million for the Flemish. Both the Dutch and the Flemish are remarkably religious, steady, industrious and cleanly. The Emperor Joseph II. cleared Flanders of a host of idle clergy and monks. The Danes, who are all Lutherans, amount to 1,700,000, and have (including six bishops or superintendents) 1580 clergy, whose income is 119,000., being at the rate of 70,000. per million. The richest benefice in Denmark is the Bishopric of Copenhagen, which is about 4001. per an num. Sweden and Norway contain, the former 2,700,000, the latter 700,000, hearers, making a total of 3,400,000, for whom there are 3,100 clergymen, with an income of 238,000l., being at the rate of 70,000l. per million. All here are Lutherans. The only archbishopric of Sweden is that of Upsal, which has a revenue of 4001. per annum. The subjects of Russia amount to 43,800,000, but of these 1,800,000 are Mahometans. The Greek Church is supposed to contain 34,000,000 of hearers, the Catholics, Latin and Greek, 5,500,000, and the Lutherans, 2,500,000. The number of clergymen is computed at 74,270; viz. for the Greek Church 67,000, for the Catholics and Lutherans 7,270. Ecclesiastical Revenue is assessed at 910,0007., making in the Greek Church 15,000l. per million, in the Lutheran and Catholic Churches 50,0007. per million. The bulk of the clergy in Russia are in a very abject state. Some have rated the monks as high as 7,300, and the nuns 5,300. The Christians in Turkey are estinated at 6,000,000. The income of the clergy is reckoned to be 180,000l., being 30,000l. per million. The estimated expenditure on the clergy in South America is 450,0007. for 15,000,000 of people, being at the rate of 30,000l. per million. One sweeping estimate of the author's sets down the rest of the Christian world at 3,000,000 of people, and their allowance to the clergy at 150,000l., being 50,000l. per million. The author next proceeds to the Church of England, "the only grand monument of church wealth remaining in the world to shew the influence and dominion over the minds and property of men, which the clergy have had the power to exert, in the ages of darkness and superstition, before the art of printing, and the consequent diffusion of knowledge and education." The population of England and Wales is estimated at 12,000,000, of which the author allots one-half to the Church of England, and one-half to the remaining sects. This is an evident miscalculation, which he candidly acknowledges in a circular to the periodical publications, and which, we presume, he has corrected in later editions of the pamphlet. Owing to this error, we cannot safely quote all the statements of the Church of England tables. The number of regular clergymen is 18,000, including 2 archbishops, 24 bishops, 60 archdeacons, 27 deans, and 544 canons and prebendaries. The income is 7,596,000l., which, on the calculation of 6,000,000 of hearers in the English Church, would be at the rate of 1,266,000l. per million. Let this sum be reduced as much as the error before pointed out re quires, and it will still appear enor mous: yet it is moderate compared with the ecclesiastical revenue of Ireland, which exhibits the greatest extravagance that was ever put down in figures. Ireland has a population of about 7,000,000, of which the religious distribution is as follows: Roman Catholics, 5,500,000; Presbyterians, 800,000; Church of England and Ireland, 400,000; Methodists and other sects, 300,000. For the 400,000 members of the Established Church there are 1,700 clergymen, including 4 archbishops, 18 bishops, 33 deans, 34 archdeacons, and 500 canons, prebendaries, &c. The ecclesiastical revenue is 1,300,0007., being at the rate of 3,250,000l. per million. On the erroneous estimate of 6,000,000 of hearers in England and Wales, not of the Established Church, it is calculated that for 4,670 clergymen there is an income from voluntary contributions of upwards of 500,000l., being at the rate of 1107. for each clergyman, and of 85,000. per million. In Scotland, the Dissenters are computed at 500,000, their clergy at 400, with an income of 1107. each, amounting to 44,000l., or 90,000l. per million. Hearers in Ireland, not of the established religion, are estimated at 6,600,000, for whom there are 2,378 clergymen, viz. Catholic, 1994; Presbyterian, 239; other sects, 145; having a total income from voluntary contributions of 261,580., being at an average of 110/. for each, and of 40,000l. per million. There is a yearly parliamentary grant to Protestant Ministers in Ireland, as follows: Presbyterians, 8,6971.; seceding Presbyterians, 4,034.; other Protestant Dissenters, 7561.; making in all, 13,4871. In one sum the author sets down the result of all his calculations, which cannot be much affected by any error that may have crept into his statements. The clergy of all the Christian world, except Great Britain and Ireland, the whole population being 198,728,000, receive 8,852,000l. per annum: the clergy of the Established Church of England and Ireland, containing 6,400,000 hearers, receive 8,896,0007.! The total of Christians in the world, viz. 219,728,000, pay to their clergy 18,762,000, of which England, for 21 millions of people, (Established Church and other sects,) pays more than one half!· Having thus laid the basis of his plan, the author goes into the detail. We cannot follow him further than to say that he proposes that the church lands should be sold for the national benefit, each incumbent, however, to receive for life his present income, the future clergy of all sects to be paid out of the national fund, and their salaries to be in proportion to the number of hearers in their congregations. He reckons the amount of church property available for the use of the state at 177,450,000. The mode of the new provision for the clergy is by a per centage on the rent of lands and houses, which is estimated at 1s. in the pound, of which two-thirds would be raised from lands and one-third from houses. A curious Table is exhibited, p. 76, of Intolerant and Tolerant nations. The Intolerant nations, in which men are excluded from civil offices and emoluments on account of religious opinions, are Spain, Portugal, Italy, Denmark, Sweden and Norway and England; but then the grievance is nothing in any of these countries, except England, as there are no sects in them: the Tolerant nations, in which no man is excluded from office, civil or military, on account of his sect or religion, are United States, France, Russia, Austria, Prussia, Netherlands, Bavaria, Wurtemburg, Hanover, Sax ony. ART. II.-Don Carlos; or, Persecution. A Tragedy, in Five Acts. By Lord John Russell. Second Edition. Svo. pp. 136. Longman and Co. 1822. WE E are not accustomed to criticise works of this description, but the peculiar character of this tragedy may justify us in laying an extract from it before our readers. Don Carlos was the son of Philip II. of Spain, the gloomy bigot who is memorable in the English annals for having been the husband of our Queen Mary, and for having sent out the "Invincible Armada," to reduce these islands to the yoke of Popery. The son disappeared, and his body lies in the royal tomb of the Escurial, headless. Philip has borne the imputation VOL. XVII. 5 E of his murder, and not without reason. The rumour has been that the vindictive father employed the Inquisition to take off his son secretly; incited to the atrocity by the discovery of his leaning towards heretics, and by jealousy of the Queen, Elizabeth of France, for whom Don Carlos entertained strong affection, previously to her becoming his stepmother. This story is the basis of Lord John Russell's tragedy. The noble author has, however, made little more use of it than as a vehicle of some excellent sentiments in favour of religious toleration. The following Dialogue states these, and from it the reader will form his own opinion of the poetical merit of the Tragedy. "CARLOS. "I do remember well-too well, alas, My age but scarce fourteen, your royal self Absent in Flanders, I was bid preside At the great Act of Faith to be per formed In fair Valladolid: at that green age Quite new to life, nor yet aware of death, The solemn pomp amused my careless mind. But when the dismal tragedy began, How were my feelings changed and clouded! First Came there a skeleton, upon its head A cap with painted flames; this thing had been A lady who throughout her life had borne A name unsullied; twenty years had past Since her remains had rested in the ground, And now by sentence of the Holy Office, The dull disgusting mass of whitened bone That once had been her garment, was dug up To clear some flaw in her theology: Then came a learned priest, his name Cazalla; With countenance serene, and calm devotion, He walked to death, and as he passed By Osma's reverend bishop, my preceptor, Was early given; best and dearest gift That man can give to man, becoming thus The minister of God, and angel-like Carrying glad tidings to the immortal soul: There have I read, assisted by the lore Of my dear master; there too have I read, Alone and unassisted, late at night, Aud early in the morning, words of peace, Forgiveness ev'n for sin; brotherly love, And charity that beareth, hopeth all; I found, and wept with joy; but to this hour Find I no precept that commissions man To slay his erring brother. Thou bold blasphemer! most unworthy thou To fill the throne, or even to tread the soil Of Christian Spain. "CARLOS. "Of persecuting priests! I know my own unfitness, every act Of rigour draws fresh tears into my eyes, And therefore purposed I to fly from To seek in Flanders a secure retreat, Their king might reign unstained with "What rebel purpose is it you disclose ? "CARLOS. "No rebel purpose, sire; for whilst you live No son to father, subject to his king, "Tell me, then, What think you of our war in Flanders? say, Shall not the traitor suffer for his trea- Is't not legitimate to take up arms |