APPENDIX. I. PORSON'S CANONS.• From the "CLASSICAL JOURNAL,” vol. xxxi. p. 136. 1. THE tragic writers never use pp for po, nor τ for σσ. Thus they never said Χεῤῥονησίαν for Χερσονησίαν, nor πράττω for πράσσω, nor ἧττον for ἧσσον.—Hec. 8. 2. In systems of anapæsts they neither always use, nor always discard, the Doric dialect.-Hec. 100. 3. They are partial to the introduction of the particle To in gnomes, or general reflections.-Hec. 228. 4. The forms dúvą, dáuvą, and the 2nd pers. sing. pres. indic. from verbs in auai are more Attic than dúvn, &c.-Hec. 253. 5. Dawes has too hastily asserted that no syllable can be made short by a scenic poet, in which the consonants Bλ, yλ, yμ, yv, du, dv, concur. This rule, though generally true, is sometimes violated by Eschylus, Sophocles, and Aristophanes, but never by Euripides. -Hec. 298. 6. The Homeric dè is sometimes found in the tragic writers, contrary to the assertion of Valcknaer, Phon. 1683. See Hec. 323. *The careful student will regard these Canons, and those which follow merely as heads for observation. It is a useful plan, especially with reference to self-improvement in composition, to mark down under their separate rules such examples as occur in reading through any of the plays of the Greek tragedians. A collection of these examples, made by the student for himself, during the course of his own reading, will be invaluable. 7. The tragic writers loved the harsh and antiquated forms of words-they therefore preferred the 1st to the 2nd aorist passive; and the 2nd aorist pass. is consequently very seldom used: àŋλλáyny sometimes occurs.-Hec. 335. Phan, 986. 8. The participle v is seldom found in conjunction with another participle. Homer has enoтáμevóv æep èóvтa, Il. T. 80. [Herod. vii. 143. εἰρημένον ἐόν.]—Hec. 358. 9. "Олws and öпws un is generally joined with the 2nd person of the fut. tense, sometimes with the third, seldom with the first: ¿paréov earl, or some expression of the same kind, may be conceived as understood in this idiom, as, ὁποῖα κίσσος δρυός, ὅπως τῆσδ ̓ ἕξομαι.—Hec. 398. 10. Te μév Tol. These three particles are very frequently met with together in Sophocles and Euripides, yé Toí Tɩ never.-Hec. 598. 11. Nekpòs in the masculine gender is always used for the Latin cadaver.-Hec. 665. 12. The accusative singular of Attic nouns in cvs have the last syllable long. There are three exceptions to this rule in Euripides, Hec. 870., Electr. 599. 763. A vowel cannot be elided unless it be short. Hec. 870. 13. Пoû denotes rest, roî motion: râ is used in both senses. ποῦ στάσει, ποῖ δὲ βάσει. Phil. 833.—Hec. 1062. Thus 14. Instead of ᾔδειμεν, ᾔδειτε, ᾔδεσαν, the Attics used the contracted forms ᾖσμεν, ᾖστε, ἦσαν.—Hec. 1094. 15. Several verbal adjectives, as ὕποπτος, πιστός, μεμπτός, ἀμφίπλŋктos, and some others, are found with an active as well as passive signification.—Hec. 1117. a 16. The ancient Attic writers never used the neuter plural with verb plural, except in the case of animals.-Hec. 1141. 17. The particle un giving the sense of the imperative accompanies the 1st or 2nd aorists subjunctive, and the present imperative, but never the present subjunctive, or 2nd aorist imperative. There are some few instances of un with the first aorist imperative. The Attic writers said, μὴ μέμψῃμὴ κάμῃς not μὴ μέμφη Sometimes μὴ μέμψαι.--Hec. 1166. 18. The first syllable of σos in the tragic and comic writers is always short: in composition it is sometimes long.—Orest. 9. 19. The Attic writers preserved some Ionic and some Doric forms in their dialect: thus they always said, ̓Αθάνα, δαρὸς, ἕκατι, κυναγὸς, ποδαγός, λοχαγός, ξεναγός, ὀπαδός, and not ̓Αθήνη, δηρός, &c. Also μοῦνος, ξεῖνος, sometimes, instead of μόνος, ξένος. But though they had the form κυναγὸς and ̓Αθάνα, they used κυνηγέτης and 'Αθηναία. -Orest. 26. 20. The tragic writers, though they sometimes make long by position syllables short by nature, yet prefer to keep them short, so that three examples will be found where they are short, for one where they are long. This kind of licence is more frequent in uncompounded words, as тéкνоν, παтρòs, than in others. A syllable is much more rarely lengthened in a compound word, if it falls on the junction itself, as in πoλúxpʊσos, Andr. 2. They were equally sparing in lengthening the augments, as in ἐπέκλωσεν, κεκλῆσθαι. The licence is still more uncommon in the case of a preposition and a verb, as άτóτρожоι, Phœn. 595. But where a word ends with a short syllable, followed by a word beginning with two consonants, such that the short syllable may continue short, there is no instance of undoubted authority where it does not remain so. Therefore, where such lines occur as παρθένον, ἐμῇ τε μητρὶ παρέδωκε τρέφειν, the v peλкVσTIKOV must be inserted.-Orest. 64. 21. In the formula of adjuration, viz. πpòs with a genitive case the article with the noun is seldom omitted by the comic, and never expressed by the tragic writers.-Orest. 92. 22. Adjectives, such as μaviàs, ádos, are of three genders, though they are less frequently used in the neuter: μανιάσιν λυσσήμασι, δρομάσι βλεφάροις.—Orest. 264. 23. Τεκοῦσα is never used by Euripides absolutely for μήτηρ. Orest. 285. 24. The active verb is often found instead of the middle, the personal pronoun being understood: as, καὶ νῦν ἀνακάλυπτ ̓, ὦ κασίγνητον κάρα, and now uncover, sc. yourself.-Orest. 288. 25. The tragic writers used the form in -aípw, not in -aívw. Thus they said ἐχθαίρω, not ἐχθραίνω. They also said ἰσχαίνω, not ἰσχναίνω. -Orest. 292. 26. cós, in the nominative and accusative singular, is not unfrequently a monosyllable, and very often in the other cases: ǎσTeos is also sometimes found as a dissyllable.-Orest. 393. 27. The Attic writers made the penult of comparatives in v long: the other dialects had it short.-Orest. 499. 28. The iota of the dative singular is but rarely elided.— Orest. 584. 29. When the discourse is hastily turned from one person to another, the noun is placed first, then the pronoun, and then the particle, as, Μενέλαε, σοὶ δὲ τάδε λέγω.—Orest. 614. 30. The different governments and usages of deî and xpń :Homer only once used deî, and then an infinitive mood is subjoined. II. I. 337. He very frequently uses xp with an infin., and with an accusative of the person and genitive of the thing: as also Xped with the accusative and genitive. Euripides has once imitated this form : ἀλλὰ τίς χρεία σ' ἐμοῦ ;—Hec. 962. The Greeks in common said deî σol Toûde. Eschylus seems first to have altered this, by using the acc. of the person and gen. of the thing, aurdy yáp σe deî Пpoμnléws (Prom. 86.); in this he was followed by Euripides. The Attic poets never use xpǹ with a genitive: thus, ötov xpǹ, deî λέγειν is wrong, and should be altered to ὅτου δεῖ, χρὴ λέγειν.— Orest. 659. 31. The enclitic copulative Te in the ancient Greek writers never follows a preposition, unless that preposition commences the member of a sentence. Thus they said, ἔν τε πόλεος ἀρχαῖς οι ἐν πόλεός τε ἀρχαῖς, but not πόλεος ἔν τ' ἀρχαῖς.—Orest. 887. 32. Verbs denoting motion take after them an accusative of the instrument or member which is chiefy used: as, πᾶ πόδ ̓ ἐπάξας (Hec. 1071.) where wód' is put for róda, rather than for rodí. See above, 28. and Orest. 1427. 33. The tragic writers seldom prefix the article to proper names, except for emphasis, or at the beginning of a sentence. Phon. 145. 34. The tragic writers do not admit of an hiatus after Tí. Thus they did not say kảyw тí où dpŵv, nor did they ask a question simply by dπolos: wherever the question is asked, droîos must by written å Tolos, not drоios.-Phan. 892. 35. Αὐτὸς is frequently used absolutely for μόνος : and yet αὐτὸς μóvos is not a tautologous expression.-Phar, 1245. 36. The article forms a crasis with a word beginning with alpha only when the alpha is short. Thus, no tragic writer would say Tâλa for τà â¤λa, because the penult of â¤λov is long, the word being contracted from e0λov.- Phan. 1277. 37. The noun àvía or àvín generally has its second syllable long, but sometimes short, as in four instances adduced by Ruhnken, Epist. Crit. ii. p. 276. The verb ανιάω οι ανιάζω, in the epic poets, generally produces the second syllable. Aristophanes has the second syllable of dve thrice short, and once long. The second syllable of dviapos is always short in Euripides and Aristophanes, and long in Sophocles: Antig. 316. But the third syllable is always long.Phan. 1334. 38. Καὶ πῶς, and πῶς καὶ, have very different meanings: καὶ πῶς is used in asking a question which implies an objection or contradiction to the preceding remark, as, καὶ πῶς γένοιτ ̓ ἂν τῶνδε δυσποTuάTEра; where Creon's question is an implied affirmation that the messenger's previous remark was not true. But Tas kal asks some additional information: as, πῶς καὶ πέπρακται διπτύχων παίδων φόνος; In this latter sense καὶ follows the interrogatives τίς, πῶς, ποῖ, που, Tolos. Sometimes between the interrogative and kal, dè is inserted. -Phon. 1373. 39. Os is never used for eis or πpòs, except in case of persons. Homer has the first instance of this Atticism. Od. P. 218. Ὡς αἰεὶ τὸν ὁμοῖον ἄγει Θεὸς ὡς τὸν ὁμοῖον.—Phœn. 1415. 40. The copulative kal never forms a crasis with e, except in |