(Nos. 135, 154); Patrick Henry (No. 203). Many of these men were highly educated, all had unrivalled opportunities of knowing the actual forces of colonial history, and some became the advisers of the English government, among them Pownall and Hutchinson.

Other colonial worthies who appear below are Samuel Sewall (Nos. 18, 103); Roger Wolcott (No. 22); John Conrad Wyser (No. 29); Samuel Quincy (No. 41); President Clap (No. 90); Increase Mather (No. 93); Nathaniel Ames (No. 95); Lewis Morris (No. 97); Colonel Brewton (No. 118).

The following English and foreign statesmen and publicists have also been used: Edward Randolph (No. 34); Oglethorpe (No. 39); Edmund Burke (Nos. 44, 52); John Wise (No. 47); Montesquieu (No. 51); William Pitt, Lord Chatham (Nos. 128, 142); Earl of Waldegrave (No. 130); John Wilkes (No. 132); Horace Walpole (No. 145); Samuel Johnson (No. 156); Lafayette (No. 172); Mirabeau (No. 178) Vergennes (No. 216).

Besides the governors and other colonial officials mentioned above, large use has been made of the writings of the great statesmen of the revolutionary epoch. The works of Benjamin Franklin (Nos. 68, 81, 94, 133, 143, 199, 217), of John Adams (Nos. 24, 79, 153, 189, 217), and of George Washington (Nos. 108, 174, 195, 206) are the foundation of an accurate knowledge of the actual workings of the revolutionary spirit. To these may be added the writings of Josiah Quincy (No. 139); Alexander Hamilton (No. 173); Thomas Jefferson (No. 188); Robert Morris (Nos. 194, 210); James Madison (No. 211); John Jay (No. 217); and Henry Laurens (No. 217).

The pamphleteers and controversial writers include several of the above, and also Edward Randolph (No. 34); Jeremiah Dummer (No. 48); Keith (No. 49); Pownall (Nos. 53, 59, 66, 74); Zenger (No. 72); Francis Hopkinson (Nos. 96, 196); Thomas Story (No. 98); Judge Sewall (No. 103); Stephen Hopkins (No. 125); James Otis (No. 131); John Wilkes (No. 132); Martin Howard (No. 138); Dennis de Berdt (No. 146); Charles Chauncy (No. 147); John Dickinson (No. 149); Samuel Johnson (No. 156); Drayton (No. 157); Timothy Dwight (No. 164); Jonathan Odell (No. 167); Mirabeau (No. 178); Stansbury (No. 182); Thomas Paine (No. 186).

On the Revolution, and to a less degree on the earlier period, valuable extracts have been taken from the journals, private letters, and reminiscences of those who had knowledge of public affairs. While less formal

than the public records, or the careful state papers and official correspondence and arguments of the statesmen mentioned above, they have the value of unstudied testimony, and they cause an impression of the human side of the history. The principal authors of this kind cited in this volume are Sewall (No. 18); Eliza Lucas (Nos. 35, 83); Stephens (No. 43); Pettit (No. 61); John Adams (Nos. 79, 153, 189); Franklin (No. 81); Nathaniel Ames (No. 95); Thomas Story (No. 98); Wesley (No. 99); John Woolman (No. 106); Eddis (No. 107); Washington (No. 108); Daniel Boon (No. 134); Josiah Quincy (No. 139); Thomas Hutchinson (No. 148); John Tudor (No. 151); John Andrews (No. 152); Stephen Williams (No. 160); Alexander Scammell (No. 162); Huntington (No. 163); Odell (No. 167); Curwen (No. 169); Richard Smith (No. 185); Mrs. Abigail Adams (No. 192); William Pynchon (No. 208).

Other journals and letters more directly concerned with military affairs are those of Curwen (No. 120); Colonel Winslow (No. 126); anonymous account of Braddock's defeat (No. 127); Captain John Knox (No. 129); Chastellux (Nos. 137, 176); Graydon (No. 170); Lafayette (No. 172); Thacher (No. 175); Drowne (No. 177); Pausch (No. 179); Boudinot (No. 180); Simcoe (No. 181); André (No. 183); Clinton (No. 193); Baroness Riedesel (No. 197); Dr. Waldo (No. 198); John Trumbull (No. 200); George Rogers Clark (No. 201); Steuben (No. 202); John Paul Jones (No. 204); General Greene (No. 212); Lord Cornwallis (No. 214); General Heath (No. 218).

Travellers in the eighteenth century, until the Revolution was impending, were fewer and less quaint than in the period before 1689. The principal foreign visitors and observers were Andrew Burnaby (No. 32) and Peter Kalm (Nos. 112, 114, 122), both authors who wrote interesting and intelligent accounts. Lesser foreigners were Bolzius (No. 40); "A Swiss Gentleman" (No. 69); De la Harpe (No. 109); Captain Carver (No. 116). The revolutionary visitors were Chastellux (Nos. 137, 176); Lafayette (No. 172); Pausch (No. 179); Baroness Riedesel (No. 197); Steuben (No. 202); the anonymous writer on De Grasse (No. 213); Cornwallis (No. 214).

Native or resident observers were the following: Captain Goelet (Nos. 23, 84); Gabriel Thomas (No. 25); "Richard Castelman" (No. 28); Keith (No. 49); Douglass (No. 50); Pownall (Nos. 53, 59, 66, 74); Madam Knight (No. 80); Benjamin Franklin (No. 81); Colonel Byrd (No. 82); Cotton Mather (No. 92); John Woolman (No. 106);

William Eddis (No. ro7); Adair (No. 113); John Filson (No. 134); Joseph Doddridge (No. 136).

The newspapers have furnished several pieces for this volume. Though the colonial newspaper was usually dull, and there was no system of circulating accurate news, yet nothing better reflects the spirit of the age than such extracts as are found on the runaway advertisements (No. 105); on privateers (No. 121); on mobs (No. 161); on the Tories (No. 168); on Lexington and Concord (No. 191); on the Confederation (No. 209).

In the eighteenth century there was already a school of formal historians (see list below, No. 7). Out of these, extracts have been made from the following: Daniel Neal (No. 20); Robert Proud (No. 31); Robert Beverly (No. 33); Edmund Burke (Nos. 44, 52); Sir William Keith (No. 49); William Douglass (No. 50); William Gordon (No. 219) ; David Ramsay (No. 220).

Among colonial authors many were ministers of the gospel, of various denominations. Such were Lawson (No. 16); Burnaby (No. 32); Maury (No. 37); Bolzius (No. 40); Clap (No. 90); Byles (No. 91); Cotton and Increase Mather (Nos. 92, 93); John Wesley (No. 99); Doddridge (No. 136); Chauncy (No. 147); Williams (No. 160): Dwight (No. 164); Odell (No. 167); and Gordon (No. 219). Physicians wrote much less; yet several important pieces are taken from the writings of Dr. Douglass (No. 50); Dr. Thacher (No. 175); Dr. Waldo (No. 198) ; and Dr. Ramsay (No. 220).

Some of the most highly educated, brilliant, and witty writers of the eighteenth century were women; and quotations appear from Eliza Lucas (Nos. 35, 83); Sarah Kemble Knight, one of the best observers of her time (No. 80); Mrs. Reed (No. 165); Mrs. Adams, perhaps the most distinguished woman in the Revolution (No. 192); and the courageous Baroness Riedesel (No. 197).

Verse writers were few, and only a few pieces have proved to be so illustrative of historical incident as to come into this volume. These are Byles's eulogy of George I (No. 91); verses in an almanac (No. 94); "Ballad of Pigwacket" (No. 119); Paine's " Liberty Tree" (No. 159); Dwight's "Columbia" (No. 164); "Nathan Hale" (No. 171); Stansbury's "Lords of the Main" (No. 182); Francis Hopkinson's "Battle of the Kegs" (No. 196).

4. Libraries of Sources in American History

O library has anything approaching a complete set either of originals or of reprints of the historical writings of colonial and revolutionary times. Nevertheless, one who examines the books in a special library of Americana is amazed at the number, variety, and interest of the material. Six great libraries deserve special mention, all growing collections, and several of them purchasers of rarities at great prices : 1. The John Carter Brown Library at Providence, kept up as a private collection, but under the direction of a trained specialist librarian. 2. The Lenox Library at New York, also brought together by a private man, but now a part of the great New York Public Library. 3. The Boston Public Library, containing the Prince Collection and other valuable accumulations of many private gifts, supplemented by purchases. 4. The Harvard College Library, which contains a well classified collection, abounding in rarities. 5. The Library of Congress, containing great treasures of early books and manuscripts, as yet uncatalogued and almost unexplored. 6. The library of the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester, especially rich in colonial and later newspapers.

Of many early prints there are but half a dozen copies extant, and it is almost impossible for later libraries to secure sets equally complete with the older collections. Nevertheless, there are numerous and valuable Americana in the libraries of Cornell University, Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Wisconsin Historical Society. In each state a special historical society is likely to collect early printed works, newspapers, and reprints on the history of that state. Some libraries will lend rare books directly, or through a local librarian who makes himself responsible.

Abroad, the largest collection of Americana is that of the British Museum, containing some unique pamphlets not to be found in America; and there are also rare pamphlets in the Bodleian Library of Oxford. In England is also a great reservoir of colonial manuscript material, chiefly in the Public Record Office. Transcripts of many of these documents have been made and transferred to America, as, for example, the Minutes of the Lords of Trade, which are in the Pennsylvania Historical Society. Continental archives have also material on discovery and colonization, especially those of Simancas in Spain, and those of France, Genoa, and Venice.

5.

Reprints of Collected Sources on the Colonies and the Revolution

NEAR

TEARLY all the important early works have been reprinted, sometimes verbatim, oftener with corrections of spelling and grammar. Many such reprints are made by historical societies; others are gathered in series, as Rider's Rhode Island Historical Tracts, and Munsell's Historical Series. Others appear in special reprint editions, with introduction and notes by a special editor. A few have been facsimiled, notably the Declaration of Independence (Force, American Archives, Fifth Series, I, 1597, and elsewhere). For making transcripts or for verifying a passage, the original edition is always preferable even to a careful reprint.

For many of the separate colonies there are collections of documents, which may be found through Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, II-V, and Channing and Hart, Guide to American History, §§ 23, 29. There are also several valuable collections of related documents, some of which are enumerated below. The colonial collections specially mentioned contain many documents concerning all the colonies. The titles in this list do not include collections of sources bearing exclusively on the history of a single colony, nor do they contain colonial archives, or the many valuable collections of state and local historical societies. Such material may be found through Channing and Hart, Guide, §§ 23, 29, 31, 34, 77-130, and through A. P. C. Griffin, Bibliography of American Historical Societies (in American Historical Association, Report for 1895). Tyler, in his American Literature and Literary History of the Revolution (No. 15), gives lists of sources.

John Almon, A Collection of Interesting Authentic Papers, relative to the Dispute between Great Britain and America, shewing the Causes and Progress of that Misunderstanding, from 1764 to 1775. London, 1777.- Always

cited as the Prior Documents.

John Almon, The Remembrancer, or Impartial Repository of Public Events. 17 vols. London, 1775-1784. — Vols. XII-XVII edited by John De

brett.

The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politicks, and Literature, for the Year 1758. London, 1759-- This series has been continued annually, to the present time. It includes a narrative history of the year, and republications of contemporary letters and other material.