Page images
PDF
EPUB

If now we write, in accordance with (37),

=A+Bn+Cn2 + Dn3+ ...,

==A

we have from (43) and (44):

A=q-4arl2hk+41ga2rl1hk (h−k) = −rl+}arl3 (h−k)

48

80

2

(45)

+}abrl3hk+}asl3hk—10a2rl3 (h—k)2+ ç3⁄4a2rl3⁄4hk. . (46) B=r-şarl2(h-k)-abrl2hk-Zasl2hk-arlhk

+74a2rl* (h−k)2—a2rl1hk=-2sl—r—arl3

+1⁄2abrľ3⁄4(h−k) +žasl3 (h−k)+žarl2(h−k)+}a2rl3 (h−k). (47) C=s+žal2r—žabrl2 (h — k) — 2asl2 (h — k) — arl(h—k) — {a2rl‡ (h—k) =-3tl-2s-abrl3 -Zasl3-Zarl2-3a2rl3.. (48)

u12(1+n'2)+2gn= (A + Bn + Cn2 + Dn3)2(1+ahkn

+a(h−k) n2 — an3)+2gn=constant,

D=t+abrl2 + gasl2+ Zarl + {a2rla.

(49)

Moreover, since (38) may be written in the form

[merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small]
[ocr errors][merged small]

we readily obtain

2AB+alkA2+2g=0,

2AC+B2+a(h-k)A2=0.

2AD+2BC-aA2=0.

From the equations (46), (47), (48), (51), (52), (53), the six quantities q, r, s, t, a, and b may be calculated, and if we had retained everywhere terms of one higher order, we might have got eight equations with eight unknown quantities, &c. By a first approximation we readily obtain from (46)–(49):— r=− }; s= 1 +‡aql; t==-2-faq + fabql - 43a2ql3 ;

A=q; B={; C = 1/2 — aql ;

]2

D=− / +zaq—fabql+fa2ql3 ;

and then from (51)–(53),

[blocks in formation]

Proceeding to the second approximation, we find

9

= − 4 ( 1 + 1 77 4 ) ; 8 = 2/2 + 1aql+1}, h=k; A=q;

r=

B:

[ocr errors]

h-k

21

h-k

12

12

9q h-k

199

+ J . " 7"; C = f − zagl 8 12.7

and then again from (51) and (52),

q2=gl(1+h=k);

[ocr errors]

3

15 h-k

13 4 14

[blocks in formation]

(55)

hk

[ocr errors]

8012

21q (h-k)2
207 12

r = − } (1 +

B = − 1 + 7 q2=gb(1+

h-k

20 12

[ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors]

12q hk -124

1 (h—k)2 __ 33 hk).

20 /2

[ocr errors]

51 12

[ocr errors]

12

(56)

By means of these results we may now readily obtain from (1) and (2) expressions for u and v including respectively the terms of the 2nd and 24th order.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][subsumed][merged small][ocr errors][subsumed]

m2 = 3 (1 − 5 k−k)(n−n) (k + n)(1+ 3·7). . (59)

[blocks in formation]

VI. Calculation of the Equation of the Surface. We will now show how for the equation of the surface of a stationary train of waves a more correct expression than (20) can be deduced. For this purpose we have to integrate the differential equation (39), or rather we have to prove that a series can be given which solves this equation to any desired

H

degree of accuracy. Now such a series may be obtained in
the following manner.

Let

m=h1 cn2 3x √ a(h1+k1) (M=

represent the solution of an equation

12

[ocr errors][subsumed][ocr errors][merged small]

(61)

nı12 = anı (hı — nı) (k1+N1),

[ocr errors]

where h1 and k1 have values which are slightly different from
those of h and k in (39); then these values and the coefficients
a, B, &c., of a series

3

4

η=anı + βη1 + γη +δη +...

may be determined in such a way
satisfies the equation (39).

that this series (62)
(62)

Indeed, substituting (62) in (39) and taking into account (61), equation (39) reduces to

(a +2ẞn1+3yn2 + . . .)2 (h1—n1) (k1 +N1)

[ocr errors]

3

[ocr errors]

+Bm2+ym3 + ...) (1+ban1+(bB+ca)n12 + . . .),

and it is only necessary to equalize the coefficients of the
corresponding terms of both members of this equation.

If we retain all terms to the fourth order, we find in this
way, after some reductions :-

ah1k1-hk=0.

a2 (h1— k1) — a2 (h— k) — (ba2 — 3ß)hk=0..

(63)

(64)

—a3 + a1 — (ba1 — 2a2ß) (h—k) — (ca3 — 2ba2ß+8ß2 — 5ay)hk=0 (65)

—4aß+3a2ß+ba1 — (ca3 +3ba2ß—3ß2 —4ay)(h—k)=0

-482-6ay+ca1 +4ba3ß+3aß2+3a2y=0. ;

[ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors]

h1=h; k1=k; a=1; ß=b; y=b2+} c . (68)
If then we substitute in (63), (64), (65), and (66)
h1=h+e, k1=k+æ, a=1+a1, ß=b+ß1
where a and B are quantities of the first, e and a of the
second order, we find from these equations by second approxi-

mation:

*The coefficient a in (61) might also have been chosen slightly different in value from a in (39), but this would only have introduced an unnecessary indeterminateness in the solution,

[ocr errors]

e=-bhk; œ=bhk; a=―b(h−k); B1=(−2b2+}c)(h−k).. (69) Substituting as a third approximation :—

h1=h—bhk+€1; k1=k+bhk+œ1, a=1−b(h−k)+agi

we obtain finally,

€1=дchk(−h+2k); œ1=}chk(2h−k) ; a2=(b2—zc)(h2 —hk+k2).(70) Hence the equation of the surface of the waves is, including all terms of the third order :

n=[1—b(h−k) + (b2 — c) (h2 — hk +k2)]nı+[b+(−262

where

+}c) (h−k)]n2+(b2+3c)ni3+. . (71)

m=h1 cn2 ‡x √/a (h1+k1)(M=√√

[ocr errors]

hi+ki

[ocr errors]

(60)

h1=h—bhk+žchk(−h+2k); k1=k+bhk+žchk(2h --k). (72)

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][subsumed]

whereas the value of c and more correct expressions for a and b could only have been obtained by means of still more tedious calculations, which we have not executed.

If we confine ourselves to that degree of approximation for which all the calculations have been effected, we may write for the equation of the wave-surface :

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

For the solitary wave, when k=0, we have *

[merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

*Another close approximation of the surface-equation of this wave has been deduced by McCowan, Phil. Mag. [5] vol. xxxii. (1891), p. 48.

A

XLII. The Tin- Chromic Chloride Cell.

By S. SKINNER, M.A.*

CELL consisting of a tin and platinum couple in a solution of the green chromic chloride was described by W. E. Case in the Proc. R. S. 1886, p. 345. The tin is dissolved by the chromic chloride at a high temperature only, and when the solution is cooled the tin is precipitated. The chemical changes are represented by the following statement :SnCl2 + 2CrCl2.

Cr2Cl+Sn

As the reaction is reversed on cooling, the cell has the interesting feature that at the end of a hot and cold cycle it is in the same chemical condition as it was at the commencement. It thus offers a method of deriving electrical energy directly from heat. The author of the account gives a curve of electromotive force, and finds that it is zero at 60° F., and increases to about volt at 200° F. I shall show that the E.M.F. is not zero at the ordinary temperature, but is about volt; however, the cell will not give any current at these temperatures on account of polarization. It appears that the curve given by Mr. Case is not an E.M.F. curve, but one which was probably obtained by using a wire voltmeter, and therefore really represents the current the cell is capable of producing.

The tin is precipitated in small crystals from the cooling solution of CrCl, and SnCl2, and does not then form a satisfactory electrode. I have therefore arranged the cell with an amalgam of tin in place of the solid rod. The precipitated crystals fall into the mercury and dissolve so as to reconstitute a suitable electrode. My construction of the cell is very much like that of a Clark cell.

A test-tube with a platinum wire through the base has fluid amalgam in it, and this is covered with a solution of pure Cr,Cl, made by dissolving violet sublimed CrCl in water with the aid of a fragment of tinfoil. A platinum plate and wire form the positive pole of the cell.

Connecting such a cell at 15° C. with a galvanometer, there is a sudden deflexion which very rapidly becomes less until some small steady value is reached. On warming the cell the deflexion increases until it is relatively large. These observations show that the cell cannot produce a continuous

*Communicated by the Physical Society: read February 8, 1895.

« PreviousContinue »