tionary with English definitions. He may be familiar with the Latin or German language, yet when a Greek word is defined in Latin or German words he often obtains only an indefinite idea of its meaning. He is in haste when he consults the dictionary, and satisfies himself with dim conjectures when he ought to obtain exact knowledge. The English definition comes home to him; is not only more perfectly understood but is also longer remembered.

For these as well as other reasons, we are happy to see the English translation of Cremer's Lexicon. Dr. Simon, with whom our readers are familiar, translated pages 1-120, 177-220, 277-381. Mr. Urwick translated the remainder. The English work was printed by Trowitzsch and Son, Berlin, Germany; and this fact accounts for several typographical errors in the volume. The original Lexicon is said to have procured for its author his appointment to his Professorship of Theology in the University of Greifswald; and a translation of the work is now in progress in Holland. The Lexicon is not printed in double columns like those of Schleusner, Bretschneider, Wahl, and Schirlitz. The perusal of it therefore, is like that of an ordinary treatise, grammar, or commentary. The merits of the work are obvious and well-known.

There is a tendency of a lexicon to intrench on the province of a grammar, as of the grammar to intrench on that of the lexicon. The Dictionary of Cremer is free from this tendency. It does not proceed too far into the etymology of the words defined, and is by no means liable to the charge of favoring visionary hypotheses in tracing the derivation of words. It is acute and discriminating in its treatment of synonymes, as is seen in the definitions of Κήρυξ, Κηρύσσω. It is fair in its chronological and statistical statements, as is seen in the remarks on Baσileus, and gives many fine illustrations of the rhetorical element in lexicography. Of course its chief value is, as it ought to be, in the exegetical department. See for examples, the words "Αδης, Αιών, οὐρανός, πιστεύω, πίστις. It proceeds on the principle that lexicography is no objective science, and, therefore, does not give its definitions for the accommodation of the learner, but for the sake of doing justice to the words defined. It gives a circumlocution, where no one English word will exactly express the meaning of the Greek. A lexicographer is always tempted to introduce some one short word or phrase in English, as corresponding with an equally short one in Greek ; but the Greek term has certain shadings of meaning which the English term does not intimate. We regard the Lexicon of Cremer as in this . particular very accurate. It does not explain the meaning of a word by its use in an isolated passage of the New Testament, but it accounts for its use in that passage by the etymology or chronology or rhetorical affinities of the word. We presume that the work will find an extensive patronage in this country.

SACRED GEOGRAPHY AND ANTIQUITIES. With Maps and Illustration. By Rev. E. P. Barrows, D.D. 12mo. pp. 685. New York: American Tract Society.

"Within the present century the investigations of missionaries and intelligent travellers have shed a flood of light on many points once involved in obscurity. Still clearer light may be expected as the result of further investigations. Meanwhile it seems eminently desirable that the great mass of valuable information already collected, which is scattered through so many volumes, should be condensed and put into a methodical form, that it may thus be made available to the great body of biblical students. In the present Outlines of Sacred Geography the attempt is made to perform this work with as much brevity as is consistent with a clear statement of the various topics that come up for consideration. In the Geography of the Holy Land its natural divisions have been followed, all of which lie in a north and south direction. To the description of each division is appended an account of its principal cities and villages, with the scriptural reminiscences connected with them. Then follows a brief account of the Countries adjacent to Palestine — on the south, on the southeast and east, on the northeast and north; and finally a notice of the More Distant Empires and Regions in their relation to the covenant people.” (p. 4).

This volume has cost its author much study. It is indeed the result of a life devoted to Biblical investigation. We are glad to see that the American Tract Society have secured for clergymen and teachers of Sabbath-schools so learned and valuable a work. It is written in a lucid style, and its arrangement of multifarious details is orderly. A vast amount of labor has been expended on its references and indexes. Some of its pictorial representations are admirable. They transport us at once to the scenes which they represent. We are not acquainted with another work on Biblical Geography which adapts to so many minds so large an amount of information.

THE LIFE OF THE LORD JESUS CHRIST: A complete Critical Examination of the Origin, Contents, and Connection of the Gospels. Translated from the German of J. P. Lange, D.D., Professor of Divinity in the University of Bonn. Edited, with additional Notes, by the Rev. Marcus Dods, A.M. 8vo. 4 vols. pp. 544, 504, 512, 500. Philadelphia Smith, English, and Company. 1872.

The first of these volumes is translated by Miss Sophia Taylor, and J. E. Ryland, M.A.; the second, by Mr. Ryland, and M. G. Huxtable; the third by Rev. Robert Ernest Wallis, Priest-Vicar of Wells Cathedral, and Incumbent of Coxley, Somerset, and. by Rev. S. Manson; and the fourth by Rev. S. Manson, and Rev. Robert Smith.

Lange's Life of Christ has been for a long time before the public. The author's Preface is dated in 1843, and the British Editor's Preface, in 1864.

The work, however, is worthy of being now republished in the United States. It is replete with learning and acute criticism. Dr. Lange is imaginative and not seldom mystical. It is very difficult to translate his peculiar sentiments into idiomatic English. In despite of his occasional obscurities, however, he is an instructive writer. If we do not always believe all that he asserts, we believe more than would have occurred to us if he had not suggested it. He makes his readers think, and this is one of the most valuable powers which belong to an author. Many questions are discussed in a masterly manner by him in these volumes as well as in his commentaries.

AN ELEMENTAry Grammar of the Greek LANGUAGE, with Exercises and Vocabularies. By Samuel H. Taylor, LL.D. Based on the twentyfifth Edition of Kühner's Grammar. 8vo. pp. 394. New York: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor and Co. 1872.

The revised edition of Kühner's Elementary Grammar was commenced by Dr. S. H. Taylor, late Principal of Phillips Academy, Andover, " early in the autumn of 1870. At the time of his decease the manuscript was prepared so far as page 138. It seemed best to the Publishers that the work should be finished, and it has been done as nearly as possible according to the plan of Dr. Taylor. Though as a basis the last edition of Kühner has been strictly adhered to, the compiler has not hesitated occasionally to insert what his experience as a teacher has taught him would be of use."

This Grammar is not designed to be an exhaustive treatise on the Greek language, but, as its name indicates, is purely elementary. It is designed to be sufficiently simple for beginners and yet to embrace all the more general principles of the language. We think that the arrangement of the etymology is very felicitous. The classification of the nouns of the third declension amply illustrated by paradigms, and pre-eminently the arrangement of the verb (which has been copied by several authors) are well worthy a careful investigation. The syntax is clearly arranged and with mathematical precision, yet is not so full in some directions as many other grammars. There is added to this edition a catalogue of verbs, embracing nearly all presenting any irregularity, which may prove of great convenience to the student. The exercises which were formerly with the text have been abridged and placed together at the end of the book.

"The grammatical principles of this work, so far as they extend; are the same as those contained in the larger Grammar" of Dr. Kühner, translated by Dr. S. H. Taylor and Prof. B. B. Edwards. The plan of it "is admirably adapted to carry the student forward understandingly, step by step, in the acquisition of grammatical knowledge. As soon as the letters and a few introductory principles, together with one or two forms of the

verb, have been learned, the student begins to translate the simple Greek sentences into English, and the English into Greek. As he advances to new forms or grammatical principles, he finds exercises appropriate to them, so that whatever he commits, whether forms or rules, is put in immed.ate practice. The advantage of this mode of study is evident. The practical application of what is learned is at once understood; the knowledge acquired is made definite: the forms and rules are permanently fixed in the mind, and there is a facility in the use of them whenever they may be needed. The student, who attempts to commit any considerable portion of the Grammar without illustrative examples, finds it difficult to retain in his memory what he has learned. There is a confusion and indistinctness about it. One form often runs into another, and one rule is confounded with another. But if each successive principle is carefully studied, and then immediately put in practice, in translating the Greek and English exercises, and is afterwards frequently reviewed, there will, in the end, be an immense saving of time, the student will be prepared to advance with pleasure from the less to the more difficult principles, and in the subsequent part of his course he will experience no difficulty in regard to grammatical forms and rules" (pp. iii, iv).

The Grammar, being left unfinished by Dr. S. H. Taylor, has been completed and published under the editorial supervision of his son, Mr. George H. Taylor, who has devoted to it much time and labor. He has been eminently successful in his delicate and critical work. We trust that this is but the commencement of a series of publications by which he may advance the cause of classical learning, and thus perpetuate the influence of one who devoted his life to that cause.

STUDIES IN POETRY AND PHILOSOPHY. By J. C. Shairp, Principal of the United College of St. Salvator and St. Leonard, St. Andrews; Author of " Culture and Religion." 12mo. pp. 340. New York: Hurd and Houghton; Cambridge: Riverside Press. 1872.

These Essays originally appeared in the North British Review. The first, consisting of eighty-nine pages, is an appreciative description of Wordsworth. The second, consisting of a hundred and fourteen pages, is a discriminating notice-the author will not allow us to call it a criticism of Coleridge. The third, consisting of sixty-four pages, is a beautiful presentation of Keble. The fourth, containing seventy-two pages, is devoted to what the writer calls "The Moral Motive Power," and defends the proposition that "only in vital Christianity, or rather, to speak plainly, in God revealed in Christ, lies the adequate and all-sufficient moral motive power for man" (p. 325.) The Essays are written in a graceful, attractive, style, and they exhibit what Professor Peabody describes in his notice of the author's previous work on "Culture and Religion," "culture wreathing faith with its beauty; faith crowning culture with its glory.”

The philosopher and theologian will be especially interested in the most extended of these essays- that on Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The following explanation of Coleridge's theory of Original Sin, presents a favorable specimen of the clear and facile style in which the Essays are written, and is in itself a valuable discussion:

"Coleridge rejected that interpretation of original sin, which makes 'original' mean 'hereditary,' or inherited like our bodily constitution from our forefathers. Such, he held, might be disease or calamity, but could not be sin, the meaning of which is, the choice of evil by a will free to choose between good and evil. This fact of a law in man's nature which opposes the law of God, is not only a fact, but a mystery, of which no other solution than the statement of the fact is possible. For consider: Sin, to be sin, is evil originating in, not outside of, the will. And what is the essence of the will? It is a self-determining power, having the original ground of its own determination in itself; and if subject to any cause from without, such cause must have acquired this power of determining the will, by a previous determination of the will itself. This is the very essence of a will. And herein it is contradistinguished from nature, whose essence it is to be unable to originate anything, but to be bound in the mechanism of cause and effect. If the will has by its own act subjected itself to nature, has received into itself from nature an alien influence which has curtailed its freedom, in so far as it has done this, it has corrupted itself. This is original sin, or sin originating in the only region in which it can originate the Will. This is a fall of man.

"You ask, When did this fall take place? Has the will of each man chosen evil for itself; and, if so, when? To this Coleridge would reply that each individual will has so chosen; but as to the when, the will belongs to a region of being, is part of an order of things in which time and space have no meaning; that 'the subject stands in no relation to time, can neither be called in time or out of time; but that all relations of time are as alien and heterogeneous in this question as north or south, round or square, thick or thin, are in the affections.'

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Again you ask, With whom did sin originate? And Coleridge replies, The grounds of will on which it is true of any one man are equally true in the case of all men. The fact is asserted of the individual, not because he has done this or that particular evil act, but simply because he is man. It is impossible for the individual to say that it commenced in this or that act, at this or that time. As he cannot trace it back to any particular moment of his life, neither can he state any moment at which it did not exist. As to this fact, then, what is true of any one man is true of all men. For, in respect of original sin, each man is the representative of all men.' Such, nearly in his own words, was the way in which Coleridge sought, while fully acknowledging this fact, to construe it to himself, so as to get rid of those theories which make it an infliction from without, a calamity,

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