RESEARCHES INTO THE DEVELOPMENT
OF MYTHOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION

LANGUAGE, ART, AND CUSTOM

BY

EDWARD B. TYLOR, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.

• urnett

PROFESSOR OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

6
AUTHOR OF RESEARCHES INTO THE EARLY HISTORY OF MANKIND,' ETC.

"Ce n'est pas dans les possibilités, c'est dans l'homme même qu'il
faut étudier l'homme : il ne s'agit pas d'imaginer ce qu'il auroit pû
ou dû faire, mais de regarder ce qu'il fait.'-DE BROSSES.

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. II.

FOURTH EDITION, REVISED

LONDON

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET

(Rights of Translation and Reproduction reserved]

PAGE

ANIMISM (continued).

Doctrine of Soul's Existence after Death ; its main divisions, Trans-

migration and Future Life—Transmigration of Souls: re-birth in

Human and Animal Bodies, transference to Plants and Objects-

Resurrection of Body: scarcely held in savage religion-Future Life :

a general if not universal doctrine of low races-Continued exist-

ence, rather than Immortality ; second death of Soul-Ghost of

Dead remains on earth, especially if corpse unburied ; its attach-

ment to bodily remains- Feasts of the Dead .

CHAPTER XIII.

ANIMISM (continued).

Journey of the Soul to the Land of the Dead-Visits by the Living

to the Regions of Departed Souls-Connexion of such legends

with myths of Sunset: the Land of the Dead thus imagined as

in the West—Realization of current religious ideas, whether of

savage or civilized theology, in narratives of visits to the Regions

of Souls--Localization of the Future Life-Distant earthly region :

Earthly Paradise, Isles of the Blest-Subterranean Hades or Sheol

-Sun, Moon, Stars-Heaven-Historical course of belief as to such

localization - Nature of Future Life-Continuance-theory, appar-

ently original, belongs especially to the lower races — Transitional

theories -- Retribution-theory, apparently derived, belongs especially

to the higher races-Doctrine of Moral Retribution as developed

in the higher culture—Survey of Doctrine of Future State, from

savage to civilized stages-Its practical effect on the sentiment

and conduct of Mankind.

44

CHAPTER XIV.

ANIMISM (continued).

PAGE

Animism, expanding from the Doctrine of Souls to the wider

Doctrine of Spirits, becomes a complete Philosophy of Natural

Religion-Definition of Spirits similar to and apparently modelled

on that of Souls— Transition-stage : classes of Souls passing into

good and evil Demons—Manes-Worship-Doctrine of Embodiment

of Spirits in human, animal, vegetable, and inert bodies-De-

moniacal Possession and Obsession as causes of Disease and Oracle.

inspiration-Fetishism-Disease-spirits embodied—Ghost attached

to remains of Corpse— Fetish produced by a Spirit embodied in,

attached to, or operating through, an Object-Analogues of Fetish-

doctrine in Modern Science—Stock-and-Stone-Worship-Idolatry

-Survival of Animistic Phraseology in modern Language-Decline

of Animistic theory of Nature

108

CHAPTER XV.

ANIMISM (continued).

-

Spirits regarded as personal causes of Phenomena of the World-Per-

vading Spirits as good and evil Demons affecting man-

en-Spirits

manifest in Dreams and Visions : Nightmares; Incubi and

Succubi ; Vampires; Visionary Demons -- Demons of darkness

repelled by fire-Demons otherwise manifest: seen by animals ;

detected by footprints—Spirits conceived and treated as material

-Guardian and Familiar Spirits-Nature-Spirits ; historical course

of the doctrine—Spirits of Volcanos, Whirlpools, Rocks-Water-

Worship: Spirits of Wells, Streams, Lakes, &c.—Tree-Worship:

Spirits embodied in or inhabiting Trees ; Spirits of Groves and

Forests --Animal-worship: Animals Worshipped, directly, or as

incarnations or representatives of Deities ; Totemism ; Serpent-

Worship-Species-Deities; their relation to Archetypal Ideas

184

CHAPTER XVI.

ANIMISM (continued).

Higher Deities of Polytheism-Human characteristics applied to

Deity-Lords of Spiritual Hierarchy-Polytheism : its course of

development in lower and higher Culture—Principles of its inves-

tigation ; classification of Deities according to central concep-

tions of their significance and function-Heaven-god-Rain-god

- Thunder-god- Wind-gods — Earth-god – Watergod-Sea-god-

Fire-god-Sun-god-Moon-god

247