proving that the season was still favorable for travelling. Here he remained, first testifying "to the Jews that Jesus was Christ," then turning to the Gentiles, a year and six months, that is, till the spring of the year 804 (51). At that time Gallio, brother of Seneca-who in the year 802 (49) had been recalled from banishment and entrusted with the education of the young Domitius(Tac. Ann. XII, 8) came out as proconsul to Achaia. This person had previously enjoyed consular honors, (Plin. Nat. Hist. 31; 13 post consul.) only as cons. suff. (viceconsul or consul pro tem.) however, which may well have arisen from the exertions of Agrippina to secure, in the person of Seneca, a skilful and devoted counsellor in her wily plans for acquiring the supreme power, (ut consiliis ejusdem i. e., Senecæ, ad spem dominationis uteretur. Tac. ut sup.) Upon his arrival, the Jews contrived a complaint against the apostles regarding matters of their law, but failed in gaining a hearing from him. Soon after (ἔτι προσμείνας ἡμέρας ἱκανάς) Paul set sail from Cenchrea to Syria, arrived after a short stay in Ephesus at Cesarea, paid a visit to Jerusalem, and returned from thence to Antioch.

His arrival at that place must therefore be put somewhere towards the middle of the year 804 (51): how long he remained in Antioch before entering upon the

THIRD JOURNEY,

must from the ποίησας χρονοντινα of Luke remain undetermined; possibly he started about the end of the same summer, possibly he waited for the coming spring. The route lay through Galatia and Phrygia, then through τά ἀνωτερικά μέρη i. e., the parts lying more remote from the coast, to Ephesus, (79; 1). It is evident that the apostle could not have reached the latter place in the year 804 (51), for the distance from Antioch

exceeds five hundred miles, a course which he traversed principally on foot and not by the shortest route, but with various deviations according as the situation of the churches required. On the other hand, Paul could scarcely have arrived in Ephesus any later than the fall of 805 (52), for whether the journey from Antioch took place in autumn, so that the winter was passed probably in Cilicia, or in the spring, a single summer's journey would have been ample for the peregrination of those provinces, as the apostle's business was not so much the organization of new churches as the inspection and confirmation of the old. In Ephesus, the apostle taught first three months in the synagogues, then two years in the school of Tyrannus; and in his discourse to the elders at Miletus a period of three years is mentioned, (20: 31). In the summer of the year 808 (55), the apostle went to Macedonia, visited among the churches of that region, came to Greece, stayed there three months, plainly the winter, and then returned by way of Macedonia. The return journey from Philippi to Jerusalem, begun after Easter, in which Luke himself took part, is so minutely described, that we have nothing to do but to agree with Wieseler in his reckoning of the separate days' journeys. Arrived in Jerusalem at the feast of Pentecost, 809 (56) Paul was taken prisoner, carried to Cesarea and remained there two full years during the procuratorship of Felix; i. e., till the summer of 811 (58). At this time, Porcius Festus arrived in the province of Judea, as the successor of Felix. The subsequent transactions are familiar to all.

At the conclusion of this discussion, a chronological arrangement of the data treated of, both in the Acts of the Apostles and the more important political (secular) events of the period, may properly be introduced.

ARTICLE V.

THE MODERN PILGRIMAGE TO ROME.

THE approach of the dusty-footed pilgrims who jostled each other as they crowded to Rome in the middle ages, was always hailed with exultation by the eager citizens. If the barbarians had formerly advanced on the same roads towards the devoted city, eager for plunder, the tables were now turned. The vast army now pressing towards her gates were the coming victims, and the honest townsmen the expectant plunderers in ambush. Frequently the pillage began before the Holy City was reached. An old chronicler relates how in 1350, a caravan was waylaid in the March of Ancona, by a certain needy lord of Ravenna, who, placing the whole company under a heavy ransom, näively added, "That if they had stayed at home, such mishaps would not have happened to them.”

The pilgrims came-a populous swarm of men and women, counted by hundreds of thousands-a vast inundation filling the dry places brim-full. They poured into throats parched with the thirst of half a century, jubilant draughts, taken in with the greediness of men who knew that another fifty years must pass before the rare flood was again to flow in their streets.

The enthusiastic devotees were fleeced in infinite ways by the Romans, who rioted in their ill-gotten gains from this vast crowd of stranger Christians, many of whom were daily crushed to death by the throng, and openly robbed in the streets by their savage landlords.

The tribute gathered by the Pope during the great

jubilee of 1350 was such a replenishing of his coffers, that an eye-witness records how a detachment of priests had to relieve each other night and day in one of the old Basilicas; raking in the heaps of coin, in the language of the old chronicle, "Cum rastris, rastellantes pecuniam infinitam." A great part of the treasure was however honorably expended in defence of Christendom against the infidel; and in later years in building up a new St. Peter's.

During the year of our Lord 1300, the number of pilgrims entering Rome has been estimated at more than a million. Gathered from all parts of Europe, they were filled with one idea, and were of one mind as they entered; but at their departure, doubtless, though they held their peace, their hearts burned within them with slumbering indignation and amazement.

The Romans have changed since then, as well as the pilgrims: yet the approach of the devotees to art, antiquity and Italian skies, who now throng the city from all the civilized world, is still the grand event of the year to the residents. Though no longer coming like a deluge at great intervals, the advantage is the greater, assuming as it has the character of a regular and oft returning tide, the very life-blood of the modern Roman people. The present pilgrims are no longer like the old, of one mind; and although there are quiet scholars who still love to brood over their burning thoughts, yet for the most part they are subject to various commotions; and if they be natives of our great western Republic, they take pride in using their privilege as freemen to form and utter their own opinions and to sail without rudder or compass, as doubtless they have a right to do. Acknowledging no Senate or Parliament of taste, they are not the men to tolerate any guide or director of the æsthetic conscience-and perhaps sometimes they are