The hour.

semuncia horae (= 2 minutes); dodrans semuncia horae, 471⁄2 min.; partes octo unius horae; sesquihora (11⁄2 hr.); horae quattuordecim et dimidia cum trigesima parte unius horae (1438 hrs.). This last will form a useful model; as of course sexagesima pars could be used similarly. Cf. 9, 22; 48, 15.

§ 52. To mark the hour of the day, write prima, secunda, &c., from 7.0 A.M. to 6.0 P.M., adding noctis from 7.0 P.M. to 6.0 A.M. inclusive; but remember that prima (the line one on the dial) marks both the period 6.0 to 7.0, and the conclusion of the same, i.e. 7.0. [Cf. our in his 20th year' with 20 years old.']

Cf. 33, 10, 19; 34, 3, 11; 41, 21, 27, 30; 56, 1.

Hora (like pa, of the year only, till about 150 B.C.) meant merely a division of the day. As they divided their as into 12 parts, they divided their day and eventually their night also into 12 hours. At first the hora was th of a natural day or night, and varied in length from 1 hr. to hr. It must soon however have been found expedient to make hora a fixed time,

th of what Pliny calls an equinoctial day; still the fact of his distinguishing them in his calculations (horae nunc aequinoctiales, non cuiuscunque diei significantur, XVIII. 221) shows that the old meaning of hora was in use then (probably side by side with the new, and both marked on dials).

Horae sometimes was used for the dial itself, horologium. Videt iudicem oscitantem mittentem ad horas, Cic. Brut. 54. Moveri horas videmus, Cic. N. D. II. 38. And often for the quarters of the heavens corresponding with the sun's position at certain hours (cf. meridies). Plin. N. H. vi. 32, 37; XVII. 11, 16.

Remember that the Romans, not having our minute accurate divisions of the hour, marked time less exactly. The following are common expressions: mane, bene mane, multo mane, hodie mane, cras mane, postridie mane, hesterno die mane (or vesperi similarly): sexta hora diei, Pl. N. H. 11. 180, or meridies; hora diei inter septimam et octavam; inter horam diei decimam et undecimam; noctis tertia hora; prima, secunda, tertia, quarta, vigilia; nocte concubia, media, intempesta: diluculo, &c.

The following passages also may be of use as illustrations :
Ut illum Di perdant primus qui horas reperit
Quique adeo primus statuit hic solarium.

Plaut. ap. Gell. II. 3. 5.

Tunc Scipio Nasica primus aqua divisit horas aeque noctium et dierum, idque horologium dicavit anno urbis DXCV. Pliny.

Quinta dum linea tangitur umbra. Pers. III. 4.

Quum post horam primam noctis occisus esset, primo diluculo nuntius hic Ameriam venit: decem horis nocturnis, sex et quinquaginta millia passuum cisiis pervolavit. Cic. Rosc. Am. vII. 19.

Cf. Martial iv. 2, and Becker's Gallus.

months, &c.

§ 53. We cannot mark the day of the week in Latin. Days and We can the days of the month by expressing the date as so many days (reckoning inclusively) before the Nones (the 5th or 7th'), the Ides (the 13th or 15th), or the Kalends; e.g. a. d. vI. Kal. Jun. (May 27th), or ante diem sextum Kal.; or the original form, sexto (die ante), or vi, Kal. Pridie, postridie Kal., are also found.

We may express the year in modern dates, either simply as A.D.; or as A.U.C., in this case adding on the year A.D. to the date of the building of Rome, 753.

The period of a week may be marked roughly by nundinae, nundinum, ‘market-day'=eight days; trinum nundinum, trinunḍinum (i.e. 17 days, or from the first to the third market-day), and biduum, triduum, quatriduum, may also be found useful.

Cf. 23, 11; 29, 17; 41, 3, 30; 44, 21; 46, 14.

1 In March, July, October, May,

The Nones are on the seventh day.

ERRATA.

Read in Sect. (14) 7, who undertook 27

(14) 20, useless22; 18, 8, caesisque

22, 29, moderate36
22, 30, maior24; (25) 22, wearied 20
26, 24, processerat;

22, 16,

decentior24;

(26) 47, my17

(26) 54, with50; (26) 62, with50

(30) 3, 117 have; 36, 16, infractus32

36, 21, praecipientem31; 36, 26, cogitaveris27

(37) 22, Will49; 37, 40, dicam31

NOTE:-In the case of references to § 9, refer also to §5, which covers much common ground.

PARALLEL EXTRACTS.

PART I.

HISTORICAL AND EPISTOLARY.

C. PLINIUS FUSCO SUO S.-Quaeris quemadmodum in secessu, quo jam diu frueris, putem te studere oportere. Utile in primis, et multi praecipiunt, vel ex Graeco in Latinum vel ex Latino vertere in Graecum: quo genere exercitationis proprietas splendorque verborum, copia figurarum, vis explicandi, paratur: simul quae legentem fefellissent transferentem fugere non possunt. Intellegentia ex hoc et judicium adquiritur. Nihil offuerit quae legeris hactenus ut rem argumentumque teneas quasi aemulum scribere lectisque conferre, ac sedulo pensitare quid tu, quid ille commodius. Poteris et quae dixeris post oblivionem retractare, multa retinere, plura transire, alia interscribere, alia rescribere. Laboriosum istud et taedio plenum sed difficultate ipsa fructuosum, recalescere ex integro et resumere impetum fractum omissumque, postremo nova velut membra peracto corpori intexere nec tamen priora turbare. Scio nunc tibi esse praecipuum studium orandi; sed non ideo semper pugnacem hunc et quasi bellatorium stilum suaserim. Ut enim terrae variis mutatisque seminibus, ita ingenia nostra nunc hac nunc illa meditatione recoluntur. Volo interdum aliquem ex historia locum adprehendas, volo epistulam diligentius scribas. Nam saepe in orationes quoque non historica modo sed prope poëtica descriptionum necessitas incidit, et pressus serino purusque ex epistulis petitur. Habes plura etiam fortasse quam requirebas, unum tamen omisi; non enim dixi quae legenda arbitrarer: quamquam dixi, cum dicerem quae scribenda. Tu memineris sui cujusque generis auctores diligenter eligere. Aiunt enim multum legendum esse, non multa. Qui sint hi adeo notum probatumque est ut demonstratione non egeat; et alioqui tam immodice epistulam extendi ut, dum tibi quemadmodum studere debeas suadeo, studendi tempus abstulerim. Quin ergo pugillares resumis et aliquid ex his vel istud ipsum quod coeperas scribis? Vale.

PLINY.

N

Ibi

1. CINCINNATUS. Postero die dictator cum magistro equitum in concionem venit, justitium edicit, claudi tabernas tota urbe jubet, vetat quemquam privatae quicquam rei agere; tum, quicunque aetate militari essent, armati cum cibariis in dies 5 quinque coctis vallisque duodenis ante solis occasum [Martio] in campo adessent13; quibus aetas ad militandum gravior esset, vicino militi, dum is arma pararet vallumque peteret 30, cibaria coquere jussit. Sic juventus discurrit ad vallum petendum. Sumpsere, unde cuique proximum fuit; prohibitus nemo est; 10 impigreque omnes ad edictum dictatoris praesto fuere. Inde composito agmine legiones ipse dictator, magister equitum suos equites ducit. Media nocte in Algidum perveniunt et, ut sensere, se jam prope hostes esse, signa constituunt 13. dictator, quantum nocte prospici poterat, equo circumvectus. 15 contemplatusque, qui tractus castrorum quaeque forma esset, tribunis militum imperavit, ut sarcinas in unum coniici jubeant, militem cum armis valloque redire in ordines suos. Facta, quae imperavit 12. Tum, quo fuerant ordine in via, exercitum omnem longo agmine circumdat hostium castris et, 20 ubi 33 signum datum sit30, clamorem omnes tollere jubet; clamore sublato, ante se quemque ducere fossam et jacere vallum. Edito imperio, signum secutum est. Jussa miles exsequitur ; clamor hostes11 circumsonat. Superat inde castra hostium et in castra consulis venit; alibi pavorem, alibi gaudium ingens 25 facit 25. Romani, civilem esse clamorem atque auxilium adesse1 inter se gratulantes, ultro ex stationibus ac vigiliis territant hostem. LIVY.

42

43

2. ARMINIUS. Nox per diversa" inquies, cum 25 barbari festis epulis, laeto cantu aut truci sonore subjecta vallium ac resultantis saltus complerent, apud Romanos 34 invalidi ignes, interruptae voces12 atque ipsi passim adjacerent vallo, oberrarent tentoriis, 5 insomnes magis quam pervigiles. coepta luce missae in latera legiones, metu an contumacia, locum deseruere, capto 25 propere campo umentia ultra. neque tamen Arminius quamquam libero incursu statim prorupit: sed ut haesere caeno fossisque impedimenta, turbati circum milites, incertus signorum ordo, 10 utque tali in tempore sibi quisque properus et lentae adversum imperia aures, inrumpere1 Germanos jubet, clamitans Varus eodemque iterum fato vinctae legiones!' simul haec3 et cum delectis scindit agmen equisque maxime vulnera ingerit. illi sanguine suo et lubrico paludum lapsantes excussis 25 recto

Sen