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(16.) a. SACK OF ROME, A.D. 1527. Three distinct bodies", one of Germans, another of Spaniards, and the last of Italians, the three different nations of whom the army was composed, were appointed to this service11; a separate attack" was assigned to each; and the whole army advanced to support them 5 as occasion" should require1. A thick mist concealed their 13 approach until they reached almost the brink of the ditch which surrounded the suburbs; having planted their ladders in a moment 34, each brigade rushed on to the assault with an impetuosity heightened by national emulation 13. They were re- 10 ceived at first with fortitude 13 equal to their own; the Swiss in the pope's guards fought with a courage becoming men to whom the defence of the noblest city in the world was entrusted. Bourbon's 10 troops, notwithstanding" all their valour, gained 29 no ground, and even began to give way; when their leader1o, 15 perceiving that on this critical moment the fate of the day depended, leaped' from his horse, pressed to the front, snatched" a scaling-ladder from a soldier, planted it against the wall, and began to mount it, encouraging 25 his men with his voice and hand to follow him. But at that very instant, a musket 20 bullet from the ramparts pierced his groin; and he soon after expired.

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b. This fatal18 event could not be concealed from the army; but instead of being disheartened by their loss, it animated them with new valour; the name of Bourbon resounded along 25 the line, accompanied with the cry of blood and revenge13. The veterans 29 who defended the walls were soon overpowered by numbers; the untrained 18 body 11 of city recruits fled at the sight of danger, and the enemy, with irresistible" violence, rushed into the town".

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It is impossible to describe, or even to imagine the misery 13 and horror of that scene" which followed1. Whatever a city taken by storm can dread from military 13 rage, unrestrained by discipline: whatever excesses the ferocity of the Germans, the avarice of the Spaniards, or the licentiousness of the Italians 35 could commit, these the wretched inhabitants were obliged 28 to suffer. Churches, palaces, and the houses of private persons, were plundered without distinction. No age, or character, or sex was exempt from injury. Cardinals, nobles, priests, matrons, virgins, were all the prey" of soldiers, and at the mercy19 of men deaf to the voice of humanity. ROBERTSON.

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17. (a) SIEGE OF ROME. Sed ante omnia obsidionis bellique mala fames utrumque exercitum urgebat': Gallos pestilentia etiam; induciae deinde cum Romanis factae, et colloquia permissu imperatorum habita: in quibus cum identidem Galli 5 famem objicerent, eaque necessitate ad deditionem vocarent, dicitur, avertendae ejus opinionis causa, multis locis panis de Capitolio jactatus" esse in hostium stationes. Sed jam neque dissimulari, neque ferri ultra fames poterat. Itaque, exercitus, stationibus vigiliisque fessus, superatis tamen humanis omni10 bus malis, cum famem unam natura vinci non sineret, diem de die prospectans 25, ecquod auxilium ab dictatore appareret; postremo spe quoque jam, non solum cibo, deficiente, et, cum 30 stationes procederent12, prope obruentibus' infirmum corpus armis, vel dedi, vel redimi se, quacumque pactione possent, jussit; jactan15 tibus non obscure Gallis 2, haud magna mercede se adduci posse, ut obsidionem relinquant. Tum senatus" habitus, tribunisque militum negotium datum, ut paciscerentur. Livy, v. 48.

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(6) Sarta tecta acriter et cum summa fide exegerunt. Viam e foro boario [et] ad Veneris circa foros publicos, et aedem 20 Matris Magnae in Palatio faciendam 13 locaverunt. Vectigal etiam novum ex salaria annona statuerunt. Sextante sal et Romae et per totam Italiam erat; Romae pretio eodem, pluris in foris et conciliabulis et alio alibi pretio praebendum 13 locaverunt. Lustrum conditum serius, quia per provincias dimise25 runt censores, ut civium Romanorum in exercitibus, quantus ubique esset, referretur numerus. Censa cum iis ducenta decem quattuor millia hominum. Condidit lustrum C. Claudius Nero. Ib. xxix. 37.

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18. Inde Vitellius Cremonam flexit et spectato munere Caecinae insistere Bedriacensibus campis ac vestigia recentis victoriae lustrare oculis concupivit13. foedum atque atrox spectaculum, intra quadragensimum pugnae diem lacera cor5 pora, trunci artus, putres virorum equorumque formae, infecta tabo humus, protritis arboribus ac frugibus dira vastitas. minus inhumana pars viae, quam Cremonenses lauru rosaque constraverant, extructis altaribus caesique victimis regium in morem: quae" laeta in praesens mox perniciem ipsis 10 fecere. aderat 28 Valens et Caecina, monstrabantque pugnae locos: hinc inrupisse legionum agmen, hinc equites coortos, inde circumfusas12 auxiliorum manus: iam tribuni praefectique,

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(17.) SIEGE OF PARIS, A.D. 1590. By midsummer, Paris, unquestionably the first city of Europe at that day, was in ex-tremities", and there are few events" in history 13 in which our admiration is more excited' by the power12 of mankind to endure almost preternatural misery, or our indignation more 5 deeply aroused 19 by the cruelty 13 with which the sublimest principles" of human nature may be made to serve the purpose" of selfish 18 ambitions and grovelling 18 superstition, than this famous 18 leaguer.

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Rarely have men at any epoch defended their fatherland* 10 against foreign 13 oppression with more heroism 36 than that which was manifested by the Parisians of 1590 in resisting religious toleration, and in obeying a foreign and priestly despotism 13. Men, women, and children cheerfully laid down their lives by thousands in order that the papal legate and the 15 king of Spain might trample upon that legitimate sovereign of France who was one 34 day to become the idol12 of Paris and of the whole kingdom,

A census taken at the beginning of the siege had 28 showed a population of two hundred thousand souls", with a sufficiency 20 of provisions, it was thought, to last 28 one month. But before the terrible summer was over-so completely had the city been invested the bushel of wheat was worth three hundred and sixty crowns. The flesh of horses, asses, dogs, cats, rats had become rare luxuries. It was estimated that before July twelve 25 thousand human" beings in Paris had died, for want of food, within three months.

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(18.) The emperor then inspected the field" of battle: and never was there any that exhibited a more frightful spectacle. Every thing concurred to increase the horrors of it; a lowering sky, a cold rain, a violent wind, habitations in ashes12; a plain absolutely torn up and covered with fragments and ruins; 5 all round the horizon" the dark19 and funereal verdure of the North13; soldiers roaming among the bodies of the slain ; wounds of a most hideous description; noiseless bivouacs; no songs of triumph13, no lively narrations13, but a general and mournful silence. Around the eagles were the officers, and a few soldiers 10 barely sufficient to guard the colours. Their clothes were torn by the violence of the conflict, and stained with blood; yet, notwithstanding all their rags, misery, and destitution, they displayed a lofty carriage", and even, on the appearance11 of

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sua quisque facta extollentes, falsa vera aut majora vero1 ⚫miscebant. volgus quoque militum clamore et gaudio de15 flectere11 via, spatia certaminum recognoscere, aggerem armorum, strues corporum intueri mirari; et erant quos varia sors rerum lacrimaeque et misericordia subiret'. at non Vitellius flexit oculos nec tot milia insepultorum civium exhorruit: laetus12 ultro et tam propinquae sortis ignarus instaura20 bat sacrum dis loci. TAC. Hist. II.

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19. FUNERAL OF GERMANICUS. Interim adventu ejus audito, intimus quisque amicorum, et plerique militares, ut quique sub Germanico stipendia fecerant, multique etiam ignoti vicinis e municipiis, pars officium in principem rati, plures 5 illos13 secuti, ruere ́ ad oppidum Brundisium; quod naviganti' celerrimum fidissimumque adpulsu erat. Atque ubi primum ex alto visa classis, complentur non modo portus et proxima maris, sed moenia ac tecta, quaque longissime prospectari12 poterat, moerentium 25 turba, ac rogitantium 25 inter se, silentione an voce Io aliqua egredientem 13 exciperent. Neque satis constabat quid pro tempore foret; quum classis paulatim successit, non alacri, ut adsolet, remigio, sed cunctis ad tristitiam" compositis. Postquam duobus cum liberis, feralem urnam tenens 25, egressa25 navi, defixit oculos, idem omnium gemitus, neque discerneres proxi15 mos, alienos, virorum foeminarumve planctus, nisi quod comitatum Agrippinae longo moerore fessum, obvii1 et recentes in dolore anteibant?. Miserat duas praetorias cohortes Caesar, addito" ut magistratus Calabriae, Apulique, et Campani, suprema erga memoriam filii sui munera fungerentur. Igitur tribunorum 20 centurionumque humeris cineres portabantur": praecedebant incompta signa, versi fasces; atque ubi colonias transgrederentur 20, atrata plebes, trabeati equites, pro opibus loci, vestem, odores, aliaque funerum solennia, cremabant....Consules, M. Valerius et M. Aurelius et senatus, ac magna pars populi, viam complevere dis25 jecti, et ut cuique libitum flentes; aberat quippe adulatio, gnaris omnibus laetam 23 Tiberio Germanici mortem male dissimulari.

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Dies, quo reliquiae tumulo Augusti inferebantur, modo per silentium vastus, modo ploratibus inquies: plena urbis itinera, conlucentes per campum Martis faces. Illic miles cum armis, 30 sine insignibus magistratus, populus per tribus, concidisse 15 rem publicam, nihil spei reliquum, clamitabant: promptius apertiusque, quam ut meminisse imperitantium crederes.

TAC. Ann. III.

the emperor, received him with acclamations" of triumph: 15 these, however, seemed somewhat rare and forced; for in this army, which was at once17 capable 22 of discrimination 12 and enthusiasm, each individual could form a correct estimate12 of the position of the whole. The soldiers were amazed to find 28 so many of their enemies killed, such vast numbers wounded, 20 and nevertheless so few prisoners. The latter did not amount in all to eight hundred.

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(19.) THE FUNERAL OF QUEEN MARY, A.D. 1691. The publica sorrow was great and general. For Mary's 13 blameless life, her large charities, and her winning manners had conquered the hearts of her people. When the Commons* next met they sate for a time in profound silence. At length 5

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it was moved and resolved that an Address" of Condolence should be presented 28 to the King; and then the House broke up without proceeding to other business". The number of sad faces in the street struck every observer". The mourning was more general than even the mourning for Charles the 10 Second had been....

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The funeral was long remembered as the saddest and most august that Westminster had ever seen. While the Queen's remains lay in state at Whitehall, the neighbouring streets were filled every day, from sunrise to sunset, by crowds which 15 made all traffic impossible. The two Houses with their maces followed the hearse, the Lords robed in scarlet and ermine, the Commons in long 19 black mantles. No preceding Sovereign had ever been attended to the grave by a Parliament: for, till then, the Parliament had always expired with the Sovereign. The whole Magistracy of the City swelled the procession. The banners of England and France, Scotland and Ireland, were carried 29 by great nobles before the corpse. The pall was borne by the chiefs of the illustrious houses of Howard, Seymour, Grey, and Stanley. On the gorgeous coffin of purple and gold were 25 laid 29 the crown and sceptre of the realm. The day was well suited to such a ceremony. The sky was dark and troubled; and a few ghastly flakes of snow fell on the black plumes of the funeral car... Through the whole ceremony the distant booming of cannon was heard every minute from the batteries of the 30 Tower. The gentle Queen sleeps among her illustrious kindred in the southern aisle of the Chapel of Henry the Seventh.

MACAULAY.