ditional use of 'would,' 'should,' must be carefully distinguished from their use as futures; e. g. veniret si posset; dixit se venturum.

Where the above are used as auxiliaries to mark the subjunctive mood it is due to their 'future' meaning, and the quasi-future sense of subjunctive conceptions.

tions.

§ 50. a. Before translating English prepositions para- Preposi-· phrase their meaning; sometimes the substantive will disappear; if not, distinguish first the case to which the idea belongs (accusative of motion, limitation, extension, &c., dative of recipient, &c., ablative of manner, cause, &c.), and then, if necessary, prefix the preposition most suitable.

E. g. of' may be translated by the simple genitive of origin, possession, quality, part, without preposition; by the ablative of quality, of locality, of subject, of material, of distance; vir magna virtute, Turnus (ex) ab Aricia, de te, (e) saxo murus: intra mille passuum ab hoste aberant.

'From ' may mean source (ex); beginning, distance, departure, absence (ab); sequence, time (ab, ex); cause, ex, prae, with ablative, or ob, propter, with accusative. Sometimes a possessive pronoun may be used, sine tuis litteris, 'letters from you.'

'With' may mean the manner, instrument (vi, gladio, percussus); quality (senex promissa barba) of the simple ablative; or the attendant circumstance (or person), generally requiring cum with the ablative, e. g. tecum, cum gaudio, but also magno studio, see Madv. § 257; also 'at the house of,' apud.

'Without' is sometimes expressed by absque, sine; by nullus, § 48 y; by adj., or verb, expers, careo, vaco, &c.; by phrase, as in § 33. 'For' may mean the simple dative of recipient or advantage, &c.; the simple ablative or genitive of price, Quanti emptum? tribus assibus; or the objective genitive, e. g. amor patris; or the simple accusative of duration of time, without or with in (tres menses, in aevum); or the ablative of amount of time, e. g. novem annis, cf. 37, 53; or the ablative (originally local) with pro, pro te; or 'as,' 'in place of'=vice, pro, e. g. vice consulis, pro praetore; or purpose, tendency, destination (in or ad with accusative); or causa, &c. with

Prepositions re

peated.

Position of prepositions.

gen., e.g. honoris causa; or prae expressing a preventive cause, e. g. prae lacrumis.

'In' (when not used loosely for 'into') is confined to the ablative, but will not be translated by in except in strictly local senses, but by the simple ablative.

'To' may mean the dative; the ablative of attendant circumstance (cum omnium gaudio); but will usually be expressed by the accusative: ad will give the further idea of up to;' in of 'into;' versus of 'towards;' 'up to,' tenus.

'Under' may mean place (sub, subter); inferiority of age, rank, number (minor); subjection (substantive or adjective); condition, under these circumstances' (ablative or phrase).

'By' may mean proximity (accusative with apud, juxta, prope, ad, propter); or motion near or past (trans, praeter with accusative); or the agent or instrument, ab, per; or the instrumental or modal ablative; or distribution, e.g. in dies, day by day.

'On' is used of place, with motion (in, super with accusative); of rest (in, super with ablative, and supra with accusative); of direction, ab ortu, ab sinistra; of time (ablative), Kal. Juniis;' or in sense of after' (ex with ablative, post with accusative).

Through' may mean agency (per); instrumentality (ablative); motion (per, trans, super with accusative).

'At,' ad, apud, of place, or the locative (Romae) &c.; or ' against,' in; or gen. or ablat. of price.

6

6

Similarly after,' before,' 'near,' 'about,' &c., have various meanings that must be carefully distinguished. They must not be confused with adverbs and conjunctions of the same form.

B. Prepositions in Latin must be repeated with succeeding substantives, except where these latter form one idea; 'in peace and war,' in bello et in pace. Nor can two prepositions be as a rule used with the same substantive as in English; e.g. 'with or without thee,' vel tecum vel sine te.

Cf. 3, 21, 23; 15, 8, 18; 21, 14, 21; 35, 14, 18; 36, 22.

y. Prepositions immediately precede the substantive or substantival phrase that they belong to; except where emphasis requires part of the latter to come first, multis de causis, ad recte faciendum.

This is the case even with relatives. However, both with relatives and other pronouns, some (as cum, contra, inter, propter) follow occasionally; tenus and versus regularly; e. g. quos inter; te propter; hactenus, &c.

that come

As regards enclitics like enim, quidem, que, as the second word of the clause, the substantive or phrase is generally regarded as one word with its preposition when the latter is a monosyllable (cf. the fact that in Greek some monosyllabic prepositions have no accent); e. g. de te enim; per me quidem, in reque tanta, though sometimes inque re tanta.

8. Carefully distinguish when the preposition belongs to the verb and when to the substantive. In phrases like 'the book I went for,' the preposition belongs to a suppressed relative. The meaning will often depend on the accent.

Cf. (10) 15; (35) 9—17, &c.

e. Prepositions with verbals where the gerund and gerundive are not used are replaced by the conjunction and verb, ut, quin, &c., e. g. 'kept from falling,' &c., cf. § 33.

§ 51. a. The arrangement of compound numerals Numerals. is the same in Latin as in English: seventeen is septem decim (occasionally decem et septem); viginti septem, twenty-seven, or septem et viginti, seven and twenty; and so with the Latin ordinals, vicesimus primus, or primus et vicesimus (where English is different). After 100 the larger number precedes, with or without et in Latin, with 'and' in English. Numbers beyond 100,000 are expressed as multiples of that number by the adverbs bis, ter, decies, &c. (centena millia).

N.B. Mille in the singular is indeclinable and

Distribu

tive.

either substantival or adjectival: millia is declinable and substantival; e.g. duo millia hostium caesa.

Cf. 16, 7, 15, 28; 17, 27; 24, 7, 24; 26, 7; 33, 21; 37, 53; 39, 21.

B. Distributive numerals, singuli, bini, septeni, &c., mean '1, 2, 7 a-piece;' except when joined with plural noun-forms of singular meaning, when they give simply a plural meaning, binae litterae, trina castra; but unae litterae, not singulae. In compound numerals, as ter deni, vicies centena, they are used without a distributive sense. These distributives may be used to translate percentage; e.g. terni in millia aeris. Livy xxxIx. 44.

But per-centage of interest on money is expressed as a fraction of the principal.

E.g. unciarium fenus = (per year of 10 months), i.e. 83 per cent.

=

Usurae centesimae 70 per month = 12 per cent. So binae centesimae = 24 per cent.

=

Usurae quincunces of the centesimae, i.e. 5 per cent.

Usurae deunces = 11

Cf. 1, 5; 10, 12; 29, 2; 43, 17.

y.

Particles 7. Amplius, plus, minus may be prefixed to numerals numerals. (whatever case they are in or are joined with), quam being

qualifying

omitted; e.g. umbram non amplius VIII pedes longam. Similarly we find (Livy xxxvIII. 38) obsides ne minores octonum denum annorum neu maiores quinum quadragenum; quam being omitted. Under thirty' may be translated by minus triginta annos natus, minor triginta annis, minor triginta annos natus, minor triginta annorum.

Ad (about) is found prefixed to numerals with all cases adverbially, ad duo millia et trecenti occisi, Liv. x. 17; but not in Cicero. The following are also found added

or prefixed to numerals; admodum, 'about,' or 'quite;' ipse, 'exactly;' numero, 'in all,' or unexpressed in English; minimum, quum minimum, ' at least ;' and maxime, fere,

&c.

tives.

8. Multiplicatives (duplex, triplex, &c.) are used Multiplicawith quam; pars mea duplex quam tua; forms in -plus are also used, quadruplus, duplus, and their neuters as substantives. But generally (sex) partibus major, minor, is found for our (six) times as great;' e.g. sol amplius duodeviginti partibus maior quam terra (Cic. Acad.); duabus partibus or (duplo) amplius (Cic. Verr.); '18 times greater or as great,' 'twice as much:' where notice, that the XVIII partibus is the full measure of the thing that exceeds, not of the excess as might have been expected. This may be compared with their inclusive method of reckoning.

Fractions are expressed by use of the 12 divisions Fractions. of the as (especially for land, inheritance, interest); or of the numerals (cardinal, ordinal, and distributive) with partes or pars. Often the fraction is split into two. Heres ex besse (), ex deunce et semuncia (21); duae partes (3), tres partes (2) (as in Greek); or duae tertiae (3), tres septimae (3); tres cum semisse, 31; tertia pars et octava paulo amplius, 'a little more than 11ths.'

Cf. 17, 21; 20, 19.

time.

. Though momentum (like punctum and articulus) Fractions of is used for a small portion of time (horae momento nullo, momentis horarum, Plin. N. H. vII. 161, 172; momento temporis, Liv. XXI. 33; parvo momento, Caes.), yet our divisions of the hour were unknown to the Romans, and must be expressed by fractions, as in the following (mainly taken from Pliny N. H.); dimidia hora; dodrans horae; quintae partes horae tres; bis quinta pars horae;