(Thomas,) an adventurous seaman, the second English circumnavigator of the globe, was born at Trimley St. Martin, in the county of Suffolk, in 1564. His father died in 1572, leaving to him a large property, which, through his attendance on the court, and his indulgence in the expensive gallantries of the age, he soon squandered away. His enterprising genius, however, speedily suggested to him a mode of repairing his shattered fortunes: he resolved to engage in a predatory expedition against the Transatlantic dependencies of Spain, with which nation his country was then at war. Harris relates that he had previously accompanied the famous Sir Richard Grenville in his voyage to Virginia and the West Indies, in a stout bark of 120 tons, which he had equipped on his own account. The species of adventure in which he now engaged was no uncommon one in his time, and men of rank and family thought it no discredit to recruit their finances by plundering on the Spanish Main, where that power, which was then launching her armadas against England, offered a vulnerable point, in her richest colonies, for fair reprisals on the part of the subjects of Elizabeth. The expedition, which was mainly fitted out at the expense of Cavendish, who sold or mortgaged the remainder of his estates for the purpose, consisted only of three small vessels-the Desire of 120, the Content of 60, and the Hugh Gallant, a bark of 40 tons; and the united crews, men and officers, did not exceed 123. But the mind of every one of these adventurers was inflamed with ideas of plunder, and they had full confidence in the valour and generosity of their young commander. Cavendish embarked in the largest ship, and sailed from Plymouth on the 21st of July, 1586. Crossing the Atlantic, after touching, for a few days, at Sierra Leone, he ran along all the continent of South America, as far as the Straits of Magalhaens, into which he boldly sailed on the 6th of January, 1587. It took him thirtythree days to clear the Straits. When he reached the Pacific Ocean (24th of February) he turned northward, and soon came to the scene of action which he had selected as likely to furnish most booty. The men fought bravely, and pillaged without control, but not without suffering considerable loss. They burnt Paita, Acapulco, and other settlements on or near the coast; they took some Spanish ships, destroyed others, and ravaged the sea-board of Chili, Peru, and New Spain.

But the crowning blow of the expedition, and that on which Cavendish counted for wealth and honour, was the capture of the annual galleon, the St. Anna, which was laden with valuable merchandise, and contained 122,000 Spanish dollars in specie. This ship was 700 tons burden, and well manned, yet, after lying in ambush for her under Cape Lucas on the coast of California, the English, whose number, small at first, was greatly reduced by battle and sickness, attacked and boarded her. After this Cavendish, starting from California, crossed the Pacific to the Ladrone Islands, whence he sailed through the Indian Archipelago and the Straits of Java to the Cape of Good Hope; he then made for England, and reached Plymouth on the 9th of September, 1588, having been absent no more than two years, one month, and nineteen days, the shortest period in which the circumnavigation of the globe had ever been effected. In addition to despatch, Cavendish had the merit of making some geographical corrections; he estimated at its proper length the distance from Java to the Cape of Good Hope, which the Portuguese had greatly exaggerated; and he accomplished much towards the hydrography of the Straits of Magalhaens. He was also the first to point out to the English the local advantages of St. Helena, which before had been resorted to only by the Portuguese. He touched at that island, which he described as a delicious place, then covered with trees. On his return Elizabeth knighted him; and from the portion of the spoils that fell to his share as capitalist and commander, Sir Thomas Cavendish was said, in the language of the time, to have been "rich enough to purchase a fair earldom." But in three years he was a poor man again, and to better his fortunes he once more turned his eyes to the New World; and on the 26th of August, 1591, he sailed from Plymouth, having under his command "three tall ships and two barks," suitably equipped. But henceforth the good genius of Cavendish seems to have deserted him. Insubordination, sickness, hunger, desertion, and tempestuous weather, conspired to render abortive the plans of the commander, who, after capturing and pillaging the town of Santos, in Brazil, died on his voyage home, heart-broken from want, mental anguish, and fatigue.

CAVINO, (Giovanni,) surnamed Il Padovano, a clever engraver in the sixteenth century. An impulse had been given, first by Petrarch, and after him

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by Cosmo, Peter, and Lorenzo de' Medici, by Alfonso, king of Naples, and by cardinal St. Mark, to the study of the medals and coins of antiquity. Availing himself of the general passion for collecting such remains, Cavino applied himself with success to the task of producing counterfeits, and, with the assistance of Alexander Bassiano, diffused an incredible number of them throughout Italy. A collection of his coins and medals was made by Lecointe, antiquarian to the king of France, and presented by him to the abbey of St. Geneviève, whence they passed into the imperial cabinet: they are 122 in number, and attest the skill and ingenuity of Cavino. The date of his death is not known.

CAVOIE, or CAVOYE, (Louis d'Oger, marquis de,) called "the Brave Cavoie," was born in Picardy, in 1640. Early introduced to the court of Louis XIV. he signalized his courage and gallantry; he afterwards served in the Dutch navy, under De Ruyter, and was in the action which that admiral had, in 1666, with the English fleet, commanded by Monk, duke of Albemarle. A fire-ship was bearing down, which threatened the destruction of the fleet; Cavoie obtained permission to cut the ropes by which the enemy was guiding the burning mass; and this perilous enterprize he accomplished with such promptitude and success, that the danger was seasonably averted. For this act of bravery he was honourably rewarded. He afterwards married Mlle. de Coëtlogon, and by that union sealed his good fortune. He was highly praised by Boileau, was the friend of Turenne and Luxembourg, and was connected by the ties of esteem and friendship with Genest, Racine, and other learned men. He died in 1716.

CAVOLINI, or CAULINUS, (Filippo,) professor of natural history in the university of Naples, in which city he was born in 1756. He had been designed for the law, but having inherited, on the death of his father, a slender patrimony, he abandoned that profession for the study of zoology, and especially of the polypi, which he pursued with such ardour that he neglected his health, and in consequence caught a fever, which carried him off in 1810. Monticelli published his life at Naples, in the same year; and Bruguières, Abilgaard, and Cuvier, have highly commended him.

CAWDREY, (Daniel,) a nonconformist divine, educated at Peter house,

Cambridge, and ejected from his living of Dilling, in Northamptonshire. He was a member of the Westminster Assembly of Divines, and wrote, besides sermons and treatises, several violent philippics against the established church. He died in 1664.

CAWTHORN, (James,) an English poet, born at Sheffield, in 1719. He was educated at the grammar-school of his native town. Here he made a considerable proficiency in classical learning, and became so soon ambitious of literary fame as to attempt a periodical paper, entitled The Tea Table. In 1735 he was removed to the grammar-school at Kirkby Lonsdale, in Westmoreland, where he made his first poetical attempts, three of which were admitted into the edition of his works published in 1771. In 1736 he published at Sheffield, a poem entitled The Perjured Lover, formed on a lesser poem which he wrote about that time, on the popular story of Inkle and Yarico. In the same year he appears to have been employed as an assistant in a school at Rotheram. In 1738 he was matriculated of Clare hall, Cambridge, whence he came to the metropolis, and was for some time assistant at an academy in Soho-square. He appears about this period to have taken orders, and in 1743 was elected master of Tunbridge school. In this situation he wrote the poetical exercises which were spoken by the young gentlemen on the annual visitations of the company of Skinners, who are the patrons of the school. These exercises form a considerable, and perhaps the best part of his printed works. In 1761 he was killed by a fall from his horse.

CAWTON, (Thomas,) a learned divine, born at Rainham, in Norfolk, in 1605. He was entered of Queen's college, Cambridge, where he applied himself closely, not only to the study of Greek and Latin, but also to that of the oriental languages, the Saxon, Dutch, Italian, French, and Spanish. His religious principles he imbibed from Drs. Preston and Sibbs, and Herbert Palmer, puritans of great reputation at that time. After taking orders, he resided for four years in the house of Sir William Armine, of Orton, in Huntingdonshire; and his patron, Sir Roger Townsend, who had defrayed the charges of his education, presented him, in 1636, to the living of Wivenhoe, in Essex. After he had resided at this living about seven years, a violent and long continued fit of ague rendered it necessary to try change of air; and, in

compliance with the advice of his physicians, he removed to London, where, by the interest of Sir Harbottle Grimston, he was promoted to the valuable rectory of St. Bartholomew, near the Royal Exchange. A few weeks after the execution of Charles I. Cawton was called upon to preach before the lord mayor and aldermen of London, at Mercers' chapel, where he delivered himself in such plain terms against the hypocrisy of the predominant powers, that he was first sent for to Westminster, and then committed to the Gatehouse. This served only to raise his character among the loyal Presbyterians, who, when Charles II. had thoughts of entering England, and asserting his right, entrusted him, with Christopher Love, and some other persons, with the money raised by them for the king's service, for which Love was imprisoned, and afterwards executed. Cawton then betook himself to a voluntary exile, and retiring to Rotterdam, became minister of the English church there, and died in 1659. He was an able Hebrew scholar, and assisted Brian Walton in the compilation of his Polyglott Bible, and Castell in his Polyglott Lexicon.

CAWTON, (Thomas,) son of the preceding, was born at Wivenhoe, in 1637, his father being then minister of the place. The first rudiments of learning he received from his father, whom he attended in his banishment, and lived with him several years in Holland, where he studied the oriental languages under Robert Sheringham, at Rotterdam. In 1656 he was sent to the university of Utrecht, where he distinguished himself by his extraordinary skill in the oriental languages. On the 14th of December, 1657, he maintained a thesis in relation to the Syriac version of the New Testament, and printed his discourse, as he did some time after another dissertation, on the usefulness of the Hebrew language in the study of theoretic philosophy, Utrecht, 1657, 4to; which treatises sufficiently show both the extent of his learning and the solidity of his judgment. On his return to England he went to Oxford, and was entered of Merton college, where he studied under the direction of Samuel Clarke, famous for his knowledge of the oriental languages. Here he wrote some Hebrew verses on the king's restoration. In 1661 he was ordained by the bishop of Oxford; and in 1662 he published the Life of his Father. In all probability he might have obtained very considerable preferment, if his principles had not led

him to nonconformity. When he retired from the university he was taken into the family of Sir Anthony Irby, of Lincolnshire, where he officiated for some years as chaplain; but the air of that country disagreeing with him, and the family going down thither on account of the plague in 1665, he was obliged to quit it, and lived afterwards with the lady Armin till about the year 1670, when he gathered a congregation of dissenters in the city of Westminster, to whom he preached for about seven years. He died of consumption, in 1677.

CAXES, (Eugenio,) a painter, born at Madrid, in 1577, was the son of an Italian artist, who went to Spain on the invitation of Philip II., and was employed at the royal palaces. In these works Eugenio assisted his father, and on the accession of Philip III. he was made painter to the court, an office he continued to hold under his successor. The churches and convents of Madrid are enriched with the productions of Caxes, and these paintings are all that now remain as proofs of his labours; as his portraits, historical pictures, and works in fresco, in the palace of the Pardo, were completely destroyed when that building was burnt in 1718. He died in 1642.

CAXTON, (William,) the first who introduced the art of printing into England, was born in the Weald of Kent, about the year 1412. After being instructed at home in reading and writing by his mother, he was apprenticed, in his fifteenth or sixteenth year, to Robert Large, an eminent mercer in London, who in 1430 served the office of sheriff, and was in 1439 made lord mayor, and whose mansion-house, formerly called the Jews' Synagogue, stood at the northeast corner of the Old Jewry, on the site now occupied by the Grocers'-hall. Large, at his death, in 1441, left to Caxton by his will a legacy of thirty-four marks, a large sum in those times, and an honourable testimony to the fidelity and integrity of his servant, who had continued to reside with him up to the time of his decease. About this time Caxton became a freeman of the Mercers' company, who appointed him, in consequence of their high opinion of his commercial skill, to be their agent in Holland, Zealand, Brabant, &c. In this employment he spent twenty-three years. In 1464 he was joined in a commission with one Robert Whetehill, to continue and confirm a treaty of trade and commerce between Edward IV. and Philip duke of

Burgundy, or, if they found it necessary, to make a new one. In this commission they are styled "ambassadors," " procurators," and "special deputies;" and the amplitude of the powers which it confers attests the estimation in which Caxton must at this time have been held as a trustworthy and skilful agent. When, not long after, the king's sister, Margaret of York, married Charles duke of Burgundy, Caxton was appointed to some office in her service, if not in her immediate household; for he speaks of receiving from her a yearly fee,' or salary. His expertness in penmanship, his knowledge of the languages, and his intercourse with men of learning on the continent, would naturally render him very serviceable to an enlightened princess, at a time when the newly invented art of printing was just beginning to give an extraordinary impulse to the cultivation of literature among persons in the higher ranks of society. And as his opportunities and accomplishments must have led him to watch with interest the progress of typography, it is not surprising that the duchess should encourage him in his efforts to introduce into his country an art with which his name is now indissolubly connected. She employed him in translating out of French Raoul le Fevre's Recueil des Histoires de Troye, a task which he commenced at Bruges in 1468, and finished at Cologne in 1471. The original appears to have been the first book that was ever printed by Caxton in England, and his translation of it was the third. He seems to have been led to choose this work in preference to any other, in compliment to the duke of Burgundy's chaplain, the author, and possibly to gratify the general disposition that prevailed at this time in the British nation to derive their original from Brute and his Trojans. Caxton modestly excuses the imperfections of his translation by saying that he had never been in France, and that he had resided out of England for nearly thirty years. The duchess of Burgundy assisted him by suggesting many improvements, and on the completion of his task amply rewarded him. It is exceedingly difficult to determine the chronological order, or even the titles, of the publications of Caxton's press. The article in the Biographia Britannica, though written in the spirit of antiquarian research, is not very perspicuous upon those points. It would appear, however, from the prologues and epilogues to his

translation of Raoul's History, that Caxton was at the time of its publication somewhat advanced in years, and that he had learnt to exercise the art of printing; but by what steps he had acquired this knowledge cannot be discovered-his types only show that he acquired it in the Low Countries; he does not appear to have seen any of the beautiful productions of the Roman, Venetian, and Parisian presses before he had caused his own fount of letters to be cut.

The original of Raoul's History, the Oration of John Russell on Charles duke of Burgundy being created a knight of the Garter, and the Translation of Raoul, were, as far as we know, Caxton's first three works; the first was finished in 1467, the second in 1469, and the last in 1471. A stanza by Wynkyn de Worde notices an edition of Bartholomæus de Proprietatibus Rerum, as printed by Caxton at Cologne (about 1470), but the actual existence of this edition is unknown. Nor has more certain information yet been obtained of the exact period of Caxton's return to his native country. The usual supposition has been that he brought the art of printing into England in 1474, and that this date is indicated by the figures which are united in the centre of his device as a printer. In 1477, however, he had undoubtedly quitted the Low Countries, and taken up his residence in the vicinity of Westminster abbey, where and in which year he printed his Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers. Stowe says he first exercised his business in an old chapel near the entrance of the abbey; but a very curious placard, a copy of which, in Caxton's largest type, is now at Oxford, shows that he printed in the Almonry. It is as follows: "If it plese any man spirituel or temporel to bye ony Pyes of two and thre comemoracions of Salisburi vse enprynted after the forme of this present lettre whiche ben wel and truly correct, late hym come to Westmonester in to the Almonesrye at the reed pale and he shal have them good chepe. Supplico stet cedula." According to Bagford, Caxton's office was afterwards removed to King-street.

From the evidence of Wynkyn de Worde, in the colophon of his edition of Vitas Patrum, 1495, it appears that these Lives of the Fathers were "translated out of French into English by William Caxton, of Westminster, lately dead," and that he finished the work" at the last day of his life." His death, how

ever, seems fixed, by two or three entries in the parish accounts of St. Margaret Westminster, to the year 1491 or 1492, in which we read, "Item: atte bureyng of William Caxton for iiij. torches vjs. viijd. Item: for the belle at same bureyng, vjd." Wynkyn de Worde no doubt referred to this time. Caxton, Mr. Warton observes, by translating, or procuring to be translated, a great number of books from the French, greatly contributed to promote the state of literature in England. In regard to his types, Dr. Dibdin says, he appears to have made use of five distinct sets, or founts of letters, of which, in his account of Caxton's works, he has engraved plates in fac-simile. Edward Rowe Mores, in his Dissertation upon English Typographical Founders and Foundries, says Caxton's letter was originally of the sort called "secretary," and of this he had two founts; afterwards he came nearer to the English face, and had three founts of "great primer," a rude one, which he used anno 1474, another something better, and a third cut about 1482; one of "double pica," good, which first appears 1490; and one of "long primer;" at least, nearly agreeing with the bodies which have since been called by those names. All of Caxton's works were printed in what are I called black letter.

CAYLUS, (Martha Margaret de Villette, marchioness de,) was grand-daughter of Artemesia d'Aubigné, aunt of madame de Maintenon, under whose superintendence she was educated, and is well-known for her interesting Souvenirs, edited by Voltaire, in 1770, 8vo. She was mother of the celebrated count de Caylus, and died in 1729. (See the following article.) CAYLUS, (Anne-Claude, Philippe de Tubières, de Grimoard, de Pestels, de Lévi, count de,) was born at Paris, in 1692. His father was lieutenant-general in the royal army, and his mother was marchioness de Villette, niece of madame de Maintenon. When very young he entered the army, and in his first campaign, in 1709, conducted himself with such bravery as to be honoured with the thanks of his sovereign. In 1711 he signally distinguished himself in Catalonia, at the head of a regiment of dragoons which bore his name; and in 1713 was remarkable for his heroic conduct at the siege of Fribourg. His military career terininated with the peace of Rastadt, which soon followed. As he had in his youth acquired a love for the arts, he formed the resolution to travel

into Italy to study the relics of antiquity there. On his return to Paris he quitted the service of the king, that he might the more freely follow the bent of his inclination. In 1715, Bonac having been appointed ambassador from the court of France to the Ottoman Porte, Caylus joined his train; and after a short stay at Constantinople, he travelled through Greece, and visited the several ports in the Levant and all those countries which are so rich in classical associations. He also visited the ruins of Ephesus and of Colophon, and various other spots where Europeans had rarely ventured, diligently collecting drawings and descriptions of every object worthy of the notice of the antiquarian and the lover of art. In 1717 he visited England; and having settled in Paris, on the death of his mother, in 1729, he devoted himself to the study of music, painting, and engraving, but particularly to the latter art, frequently enriching with the descriptive graces of his pen his representations of objects of classical antiquity. To his zeal and encouragement we are indebted for the publication of a splendid book, giving a description of the sculptured gems in the royal collection. The drawings are by Bouchardon, and Mariette has furnished the explanations. The Academy of Painting and Sculpture having in 1731 admitted the count de Caylus a member of their body, he, in return for this honour, presented them with his Lives of the Painters who had advanced the renown of that Society; and in addition, he founded a prize, to be awarded annually for the best drawing or model after nature, illustrating some particular passion. He also collected in three works, for the improvement of artists, all the new subjects for painting which he had met with in his study of the ancient writers. The coloured drawings which Pietro Santo Bartoli had made after the ancient pictures at Rome, having fallen into the hands of count de Caylus, he caused them to be engraved at his own expense. Of this work thirty copies were published. He was made an honorary member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres in 1742, when he directed his inquiries to several subjects of ancient art, amongst others to the mode of embalming among the Egyptians, the preparation of the papyrus, and the removal of immense blocks of granite from one extremity of Egypt to the other. His knowledge of the arts enabled him to elucidate many passages in the elder