Pliny, and by the aid of chemistry he discovered the secret of encaustic painting. Observing the mistakes into which artists fall from a want of knowledge of costume, he instituted a prize of five hundred livres for a dissertation in which the usages of ancient nations should be explained from the authors and monuments of antiquity. He died at Paris, on the 5th Sept. 1765. He was interred at the chapel of St. Germain l'Auxerrois, and with him died the title the family had so long held. The works of count de Caylus are very numerous, of which the principal, in addition to those we have mentioned, are, a Collection of Egyptian, Etruscan, Greek, Roman, and Gaulish Antiquities, 7 vols, 4to, 1767; the History of the Theban Hercules, taken from various Authors, 8vo, 1758; and A Discourse on Ancient Pictures. (Les Souvenirs de Comte de Caylus.)

CAYLUS, (Daniel Charles Gabriel de Pestels, de Lévi, de Tubières de,) a French ecclesiastic, born at Paris, in 1669. Under the auspices of madame de Maintenon he was appointed almoner to Louis XIV. and he contracted an intimate friendship with the cardinal de Noailles and Bossuet. In 1704 he was made bishop of Auxerre; and in 1714 greatly distinguished himself by the zeal with which he opposed the famous bull Unigenitus; had a long and earnest dispute with Languet, his metropolitan, with the Jesuits of his diocese, and with the court, and boldly asserted the liberties of the Gailican church. He died in 1754, at a very advanced age.

CAYOT, (Augustin,) a French sculptor, born at Paris, in 1667. At first he studied painting under Jouvenet, but abandoned that art for sculpture. Having gained two prizes, he was sent to Rome at the expense of the French government, and became the assistant of Van Clive, with whom he worked for fourteen years. Cayot executed the two angels, in bronze, for the grand altar at Notre Dame, in Paris, and a statue in marble of a Nymph of Diana, which is placed in the garden of the Tuilleries. The precise time of his death is not known.

CAZAN-KHAN, the seventh sovereign of the Mogul dynasty in Persia, which commenced with Hulaku, was the son of Arghun, the fourth of that line, but did not succeed to the throne til after the intervening reigns of Kai-Khatu and Baidu, (see those names.) On the deposition and death of Baidu, A.D. 1295, (A.H. 694,) Cazan was placed on the

throne by the influence of the powerful emir Norouz, on making a public profession of Moslem faith, and enjoining by an edict all the Moguls to follow his example: 100,000 of his troops, with true military obedience, immediately followed his example; and the name of the grand khan of Tartary, the head of the whole house of Jenghiz, was discontinued on the coin as that of an infidel prince. An invasion by the Tartars of Zagatai was defeated with loss by Norouz; but this great minister becoming the object of his sovereign's jealousy, was driven from court, and finally put to death (1297); a treacherous. deed, which some writers attribute to the secret hatred retained by Cazan for the Mohammedan religion, which the representations of Norouz had induced him outwardly to adopt. These views appear to be corroborated by the friendly relations which he formed with pope Boniface VIII. and other christian princes, whose alliance he sought against the Mamluke sultans of Egypt and Syria, the ancient foes of the Moguls. In 1298 he availed himself of the disputes of the Mamluke emirs, and the usurpation of the throne by Ladjin, to send an army into Syria, which subdued great part of that country without much opposition; and the sultan NasserMohammed having attempted, on regaining his authority in 1299, to expel the invaders from their conquests, was. signally defeated near Hems, in a battle in which Cazan is said to have displayed remarkable personal gallantry. But these triumphs were of short duration. In 1303 the Mogul ascendency in Syria was overthrown by a decisive victory gained by Nasser-Mohammed at Mardj-safar, near Damascus; only a small number of the routed force escaped over the Euphrates, and the chagrin felt by Cazan at this reverse, which terminated for ever the schemes of Mogul conquest in that quarter, is said to have shortened his life. He died A.D. 1304, (A.H. 703,) and was buried near Tabreez, being the first of the Mogul princes, says an oriental writer, whose place of sepulture was allowed to be known. His brother, Aljaptu, or Mohammed - Khodabandah, succeeded him. Cazan was dwarfish and deformed in person, and his features were so hideously ugly, that a contemporary writer affirms it would be impossible to find his parallel among 20,000 men. But these personal disadvantages were more than counterbalanced by the valour and mental qualifications with which he was pre

eminently gifted. He re-established the authority of the sovereign over the powerful and turbulent nobles who had reduced it almost to a nullity since the days of Hulaku; and by the establishment of a new code of laws, which still bears his name, he introduced order into the administration of justice and the various departments of government, and reformed the numberless abuses which the incapacity or impotence of his predecessors had suffered to grow up. He was also a munificent patron of literature, and adorned his dominions with many magnificent buildings and works of public utility, as bridges and caravansaries. His adoption of Islam has ensured him the eulogiums of eastern writers; and his alliance with the pope has procured for him the suffrages of the Christians. But these interested panegyrics are less valuable than the evidence of his own actions, which establish him as one of the greatest Asiatic princes of his age, and far the ablest and most enlightened monarch whom the dynasty of Hulaku produced. (Abulfeda. Habib-al-Seyr. Haiton. De Guignes. D'Herbelot. Malcolm, &c.)

CAZES, (Peter James,) a French painter, born at Paris in 1676. He was at first a pupil of Honasse, and afterwards studied under Boullongne. He was successful in the treatment of historical subjects, and has displayed considerable ability in his works for the churches of Notre Dame and St. Germain-des-Prés, and for the chapel of St. Louis at Versailles. He died in 1754.

CAZOTTE, (James,) a French writer, born in 1720, at Dijon, where he received his education in the Jesuits' college. For his loyalty to his sovereign he was in 1792 dragged to the prison of the Abbaye, with his daughter Elizabeth, a young and beautiful maiden of seventeen, who, when the fatal month of September came, shared with him his confinement and misfortunes, and accompanied him to the sanguinary tribunal, where assassins mocked the forms of justice. The blows aimed at the father were repelled with such intrepidity by the heroic daughter, that the assailants, astonished and affected by her filial constancy, permitted both parent and child to escape. A few days after, however, Cazotte was again arrested on suspicion, and was condemned to death. He was guillotined on the 25th September, 1792, in the seventy-second year of his age,

exclaiming on the scaffold, "I die as I have lived, faithful to my God and to my king." He wrote, among other pieces. 1. Mille et une Faidaises Contes, 1742, 12mo. 2. Ollivier, a poem, 1763, 2 vols, 8vo. 3. Le Diable Amoureux, 1772,

8vo.

In 1776 were published at Paris, in seven vols, 18mo, Euvres badines et morales de Cazotte.

CAZOTTE, an active agent in the French revolution, born at Grenada, on the Garonne, in 1752. In 1789 he was sent as deputy to the States-General, where he distinguished himself by powers of oratory of no common order. He was endowed with a surprising memory, a clear judgment, and a ready utterance. He boldly opposed the law for depriving of their benefices such of the clergy as refused to take the oath of obedience to the new constitution, and earnestly struggled for the maintenance of the ancient monarchy, while he professed himself a warm advocate for the removal of abuses and the redress of grievances, and avowed himself on all occasions as an admirer of the principles of Montesquieu. On the arrest of Louis XVI. he withdrew from the National Assembly, and retired into Germany, but returned soon after, and remained in France until the 10th of August, when he fled a second time; and after making with the Bourbon princes the unsuccessful campaign of Verdun, he travelled in Italy, Spain, and England, where he made the acquaintance of Edmund Burke and other statesmen of the day. After the 18th Brumaire he returned to France; but meeting with little encouragement from the party in power, he withdrew into privacy, and died in

1805.

CAZWINI, a native of Cazwin, or Casbin, in Persia, a surname borne by several men of letters, the most noted of whom was the Cadhi Amad-ed-deen Abu-Yahya Zakaria Al-Ansari Ebn Mohammed Ebn Shems-ed-deen Mahmood. He is said to have been a descendant of Ans-Ebn-Malek, one of the companions of Mohammed; but even the diligence of M. de Sacy has been able to discover but few particulars of his life. He is said by Abu'l-Mahasen to have been a very learned divine and lawyer, and to have filled the office of cadhi successively at Waset and Hillah, in the time of the last khalif Mostasem. His death, the date of which was unknown to HadjiKhalfa, and which D'Herbelot erroneously places in A.H. 674, is fixed by the same authority A.D. 1283, April 7

(A.H. 682, Moharrem 7.) But though little is known of Cazwini personally, his name has become sufficiently celebrated through his writings, the principal of which, the Adjaib-al-Makhlukat, or Wonders of Created Things, is one of the most valuable oriental treatises which we possess. It is divided into two parts, the first of which treats of the stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies, their phases, conjunctions, and revolutions; the second is devoted to sublunary existences, which he describes under the heads of the four elements. The section of Fire comprehends volcanoes, fiery meteors, and all other igneous phenomena; under Air are comprised the rainbow, the clouds and winds, thunder and lightning, &c. : and the third part, that of Water, gives an account not only of the seas, lakes, rivers, &c., but of the islands of the ocean, with their productions, and all the species of fish and aquatic or amphibious animals known to the author. The Earth forms the subject of the fourth section; its geographical divisions, climates, mountains, &c., the phenomena of earthquakes, &c., and an elaborate treatise on natural history, in its various branches of zoology, botany, mineralogy, &c. The author appears, like Pliny, to have aimed at collecting, in addition to his own stock of knowledge, whatever had been said on the subject: and if in so extensive a compilation he has admitted many errors, and many fabulous and puerile statements, he has only in this respect followed the general belief of the age in which he lived. His accounts of monstrous hybrids, and of " anthropophagi and men whose heads do grow beneath their shoulders," were held as matters of faith at that period in Europe as well as Asia; and whenever he trusts to his own observation, his statements are at least as accurate as those of the early naturalists in general; though some of them (as, for instance, that a flea, undergoing a metamorphosis, acquires wings and becomes a gnat,) may provoke a smile in the more advanced state of modern science. Copies of the Adjaibal-Makhlukat, or an abridgment, are to be found in most of the European libraries; and a splendid copy of a Persian translation, illustrated by oriental paintings, is among the treasures of the library of the British Museum. Besides his great work, Cazwini was author of a geographical treatise, entitled, Adjaib-el-Boldan, or the Treasures of Territorias: and a work

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on the history of his own city has also been attributed to him, although it appears doubtful whether it was not from the pen of another author of the same surname.

CEBA, (Ansoldo,) an Italian poet, born at Genoa, in 1565. He wrote, Il Furio Camillo, and L'Esther, but made so many fabulous additions to the Scripture history in his treatment of the latter subject, that his piece was placed in the Index Expurgatorius. He was less successful, however, in epic than in dramatic composition; and his two tragedies, the Gemelle Capoane, and the Alcippo, were thought by the marquis Maffei deserving of being inserted in the Theatro Italiano. Ceba wrote a Roman history in Italian, a collection of academic exercises, and orations. He died in 1623.

CEBES, of Thebes, was a disciple of Socrates, and hence introduced as one of the speakers in the Phædon of Plato. According to A. Gellius and Macrobius, he became the purchaser of Phædrus, when the latter, who was a very handsome youth, had been brought to Athens for sale, and was subsequently, by his new master's orders, instructed in philosophy. Cebes is said to have written some works, no longer in existence; and even the IIwaέ, a description, written in the dialogue form, of a picture of human life, supposed to be suspended in a temple of Kronos (Saturn), has been thought by some scholars to be spurious; for there is an allusion to the Epicurean and Peripatetic philosophers, who did not live till after the time of Cebes; but as the passage in s. 13 is quoted by Chalcidius in his commentary on the Timæus of Plato without any reference to those facts, other scholars have been disposed to admit the genuineness of the work. The question is, however, still left in doubt, and is likely to remain so, despite all the disputes of the learned, as detailed in the notes of Harles, in Fabricius' Biblioth. Græc., and in the preface to Schweighæuser's edition, Lips. 1798; and as the latter scholar says he never saw a copy of Johnson's edition, Lond. 1720, 12mo, it may be stated that it was based upon the one by Gronovius, and contains a few conjectural emendations, generally adopted by the French translator, Villebrune, together with two Latin versions, one from the pen of Johnson himself, and the other a reprint from the first translation by Ludovici Odaxi. According to Suidas, Cebes wrote a fictitious account of events that were supposed to

take place in the grave; and it was perhaps from this work that Plato got his account of Her, the son of Harmonius, who is represented as having gone down to Hell, and returning from it, like Hercules and Theseus, alive.

CECCANO. See RIENZI.

CECCHI, (Giovanni Maria,) one of the most celebrated comic poets of Italy, who flourished in the sixteenth century. His comedies are distinguished for fidelity to nature, sprightliness of dialogue, and purity of style; and they discover, on the part of the writer, an intimate acquaintance with the works of the ancient dramatists, and a happy imitation of their beauties. Most of his plays are founded upon those of Plautus and Terence. The dates of his birth and death are not known.

CECCHINI, a famous harlequin, in the reign of the emperor Matthias, who ennobled him for his wit, and for his singular skill in extemporaneous dialogue on the stage, a species of entertainment once greatly encouraged in comic performances in Italy. (Hallam's Lit. of Europe, vol. iii. 681.)

CECCO D'ASCOLI, whose real name was Francesco de gli Stabili, was born at Ascoli, in the marche of Ancona, in 1257. He acquired undeserved reputation as a critic and poet. In 1322 he was made professor of astrology in the university of Bologna, and published a book on that science, which being denounced to the Inquisition, he escaped by recanting what was offensive; but the same accusations being afterwards renewed at Florence, he was condemned to be burnt, and suffered that dreadful sentence in 1327, in the seventieth year of his age. The pretence for putting him to death, was his Commentary on the Sphere of John de Sacrabosco, in which, following the superstition of the times, he asserted that wonderful things might be done by the agency of certain demons who inhabited the first of the celestial spheres. He had also rendered himself unpopular by attacking the Commedia of Dante, and the Canzone d'Amore of Cavalcanti, in his poem entitled Acerba. This provoked the malice of a famous physician, named Dino del Garbo, who never desisted until he had brought him to the stake. Cecco had been appointed first physician to pope John XXII. then residing at Avignon; and after his removal from Bologna to Florence, he became physician and astrologer to Charles duke of Calabria. His

Acerba is in the sesta rima, and is a farrago of physics, morals, theology, and judicial astrology, of little poetical merit; yet such was the popularity of the work, that in 1546 it had gone through nineteen editions. It has not been published since.

CECIL, (William, baron Burleigh,) a distinguished English statesman, was the son of Richard Cecil, master of the robes to Henry VIII. by Jane, daughter and heiress of William Hickington, Esq. of Bourne, in the county of Lincoln, where he was born on the 13th of September, 1520. He received his earlier education at the grammar-schools at Grantham and Stamford, whence, in 1535, he was removed to St. John's college, Cambridge. Here he conceived such a thirst for learning, that he engaged the bell-ringer to call him at four o'clock every morning; and this sedentary life brought on gout, with which he was tormented in the latter part of his life. At sixteen he read a lecture on dialectics, and at nineteen a lecture on the Greek language. About 1541 his father placed him in Gray'sinn, where he studied the law with indefatigable application. One O'Neil, an Irish chief, brought to court two of his chaplains, who engaged in a dispute with Cecil on the power of the Roman pontiff, in which he had so much the advantage, that the matter was mentioned to Henry VIII., who gave him the reversion of the place of custos brevium, in the Common Pleas, worth 240l. a year. This encouragement at court diverted Cecil from the profession of the law; and his marriage with the sister of the celebrated Sir John Cheke, who introduced him to the earl of Hertford, afterwards duke of Somerset, led him to direct his views to politics. In the beginning of the reign of Edward VI. he came into possession of his office of custos brevium; and married, as his second wife, Mildred, daughter of Sir Anthony Cook, director of the young king's studies, and herself a lady of great learning, and of varied accomplishments. In 1547, his patron, the duke of Somerset, the lord protector, bestowed on him the place of master of requests, and in September of that year took him with him in his expedition into Scotland, where he was present at the battle of Musselburgh. On his return to court, Edward VI. advanced him to the high post of secretary of state, which he enjoyed twice in that reign; first in 1548, and then, after an interval, in 1551. When the party was formed against the

protector, Cecil shared in his fall, which followed soon afterwards, and was sent to the Tower in November 1549, where he remained for three months. On his enlargement he was again introduced at court, where his acknowledged abilities regained him his office, under the haughty Northumberland, the enemy and accomplisher of the ruin of his patron Somerset. This reappointment took place in September 1551, and in October following he was knighted, and sworn of the privy-council. Soon after his reappointment as secretary of state, he effected several important measures. The abolition of the exclusive privileges of the merchants at the Steel-yard seems to have sprung from that large and enlightened policy which distinguished his whole career. He further proposed to abolish the staple or regular market for the wool and chief productions of England, then existing at Antwerp, and to open two free ports in England, one at Southampton, the other at Hull; but from the then low state of commercial knowledge, and the perplexities arising from state intrigues, the plan was not accomplished. His credit now increased with the young king, for whom he is said to have written many of those papers which are generally attributed to Edward. The princess Mary affected on one occasion to discover this; for when a letter from his majesty was presented to her on her obstinate adherence to the popish religion, she cried, "Ah! Mr. Cecil's pen took great pains here." He acted with such caution and prudence in the various intrigues for the crown on the death of king Edward, especially in the case of lady Jane Grey, that on queen Mary's accession, although known to be a zealous Protestant, he remained unmolested. Under the new reign he gave up his appointments because he would not change his religion; but he did not join in the cabals of either party. He was one of the delegates appointed to bring over cardinal Pole to England, and in 1555 he attended him and other commissioners sent to France to negotiate a peace with that country. On his return he was elected to represent the county of Lincoln in parliament, and was active in modifying a bill for confiscating the estates of those who had fled the kingdom for their religion; and while thus employed, he carried on a private correspondence with Elizabeth, the presumptive heir to the crown. All this was very gratefully acknowledged by that

princess on her accession to the throne, Nov. 17, 1558, on which day he evinced the promptitude of his service, by presenting to her a paper, consisting of twelve particulars, which it was necessary for her to despatch immediately; which particulars, it is remarkable, formed the basis of his chief measures throughout his long administration. On the 20th of the same month her council was formed, when Sir William Cecil was first sworn privycouncillor and secretary of state. Though there were other persons who were sometimes as great or greater favourites than Cecil, yet he was the only minister whom she always consulted, and she very rarely rejected his advice. The first thing Cecil advised was to call a parliament, for the settlement of religion; and he caused a plan of reformation to be drawn with equal circumspection and moderation. It was his opinion that without an established church the state could not at that time subsist: and whoever considers the share he had in establishing it, and has a just veneration for the Church of England, cannot but allow that the most grateful reverence is due to his memory. He had not been long seated in his high office before foreign affairs required his care. France, Spain, and Scotland, all demanded the full force of his wisdom and skill. Spain was a secret enemy; France was a declared one, and had Scotland much in her power. By the minister's advice, therefore, the interest of the reformed religion in Scotland was taken under Elizabeth's protection. This produced the convention of Leith; and Cecil, as a remuneration for his services in this affair, obtained the place of master of the wards, January 10, 1561. In his management of the House of Commons, he exhibited equal caution, address, and capacity. The question of the future succession to the crown was often brought forward; sometimes from real and well-founded anxiety, sometimes from officiousness, and often from factious motives. On this subject both the sovereign and the minister preserved an unbroken reserve, from which neither irritation nor calumny could move them to depart. There were no less than three claimants publicly mentioned, viz. the queen of Scots, the family of Hastings, and the family of Suffolk; and the partisans of each of these were equally vehement and loud, as appears by Leicester's Commonwealth, Doleman's Treatise of the Succession, and other pieces on the same subject. The queen observed a