23. Satin'; compounded of satis and the enclitic ne. 35. Membris; abl. of specification.

XXXVII. Through the wily advice of Tullius, the Volscians are directed to quit Rome.

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6. Quod sequias sit. Sequius is another form for secius, the compar- 63 ative of secus; used here adjectively, and = minus laudi; I am unwilling to say any thing to the discredit of my countrymen.

8. Nimio plus; for the abl., H. 418; translate, far more.

11. Simus; for subjunctive, H. 519.

22. Urbem; the acc. is used (instead of the abl.), by a construction common with all verbs compounded with e or ex.

XXXVIII. The Volscians are incited by Tullius to make war against the Romans.

29. Ad caput Ferentinum. In I. 50 occurs the expression, ad caput aquæ Ferentino, which explains the words used here. Ferentinum was a town in Latium, S. E. of Rome. Here was the place of public assemblies of the Latins.-Ut-eveniret; for subjunctive, H, 486, 5.

31. Secunda iræ; iræ in the dative; that favored their resentment. 34. Ut omnia; ut in the sense of although; and injurias and clades in the same construction as omnia.

7. Violaturi simus; for subjunctive, H. 520, II.

XXXIX. Coriolanus marches against Rome with a Volscian army.-The Romans send repeated but unavailing embassies to dissuade him from hostile acts against his native land.

21. Circeios; see n. I. 56, and Geogr. Index.

24. Transversis tramitibus; i. e., he did not proceed directly towards Rome, but by cross-roads from the Appian to the Latin Way. But the towns first mentioned, Satricum, Longula, Polusca, Corioli, and Bovillæ, all lie to the west of the Appian Way, in the Volscian territory, and Lavinium still farther west, toward the sea. It is a conjecture of Niebuhr, that the passage should read thus, after Volscis tradidit: inde SatricumLavinium recipit, tum deinceps in Latinam viam transversis tramitibus transgressus, Corbionem, Vitelliam, etc.

26. Corbionem, etc. These towns lie to the east of the Latin Way: Corbio on the north side of Mt. Algidus; Vitellia farther east, in the ter

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PAGE ritory of the Equi; Labici still farther east, on the Labican Way, and 64 Pedum on the Prænestine road, between Tibur and Præneste. The po

sition of Trebium is unknown.

65 6. Referre, etc.; to propose the sending of ambassadors; referre ad senatum is the regular expression for any measure proposed to the senate by the consul; and the proposition is hence called, as in the next sentence, relatio.

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15. Insignibus velatos; the insignia are probably the infula, white woollen bands, with which the priests covered their heads.

XL. The mother and wife of Coriolanus finally influence him by their entreaties and tears, and he withdraws the army from before Rome.

18. Veturiam. Plutarch calls the mother of Coriolanus Volumnia, and his wife Virgilia; these names are adopted by Shakespeare in his play, and also by Dr. Arnold in his history.

23. Possent; for the subjunctive, H. 520, II., and also 527.

28. Esset; for the subjunctive, H. 519.

33. Ab sede; to be joined with consternatus, which carries with it the force of a word like prosiliens; when Coriolanus, leaping in consternation from his seat, almost as one distracted, was about to embrace his mother, as she was coming.

35. Sciam; the subjunctive depends upon sine, with ut omitted; H. 493, 2.

3. Ingredienti; she supposes, in the genuine spirit of patriotism, that, though he might have cherished hostile feelings to his country while on the march, yet that, when he first actually invaded the Roman soil, these feelings must have at once ceased.

8. Nihil jam, etc. Livy seems to use nihil-nec as equivalent to nihil—non; but I can now suffer nothing that will not be more disagreeable to you than wretched for myself.

9. Nec, ut sum, etc.; she has the consolation, derived from her age, that her wretchedness cannot long endure. The reading sum is better than sim, as she means to say, that she is not long to continue in her present wretchedness.

10. Videris; the future perfect; see n. on videritis, I. 56, and H. 473, 1.

15. Invidia...leto. Both Plutarch and Dionysius relate that he was put to death by the Volscians.

20. Inviderunt laude. Invidere is generally used intransitively with the dative, as here muliebribus; and sometimes an acc. is added; but here the abl. takes the place of the acc., the verb being used in the sense

of privare. Zumpt, § 413, gives instances of this construction from PAGE Quintilian, the younger Pliny, and Tacitus, and adds one instance from 66 Horace of the genitive instead of this ablative or of the accusative. See also Madvig, § 261, b.

21. Monumento; dative of the end.

The remark of Dr. Arnold may be given here, from his history of Rome, Vol. I., p. 125: "The story must be referred to a period much later than the year 263, the date assigned to it in the common annals; and the circumstances are so disguised that is impossible to guess from what reality they have been corrupted.”

BOOK THIRD.

THE chapters of the Third Book embraced in the present edition, contain the tragical story of Virginia. Macaulay, in his lay of Virginia, has admirably used the poetic features of this story, and has furnished a graphic, living picture of the social and political life of this period of Roman history. The name of Appius Claudius the decemvir was scarcely less detestable than that of Sextus Tarquinius. He had inherited all the haughty pride of his ancestors, and all their inflexible spirit of opposition to the interests of the Roman commons. The character and bearing of himself and his race are described, with surpassing force and truth, in the opening lines of Macaulay's poem.

At the opening of the story, the second year of the decemvirate had already passed by; but Appius and his associates still retained their office, and ruled with a tyrannic sway. Their government had been marked with all the abuse and license of the worst of the ancient aristocracies, and the people were constantly on the eve of resistance and revolution. This last act of tyranny attempted by Appius was a "signal for a general explosion. Camp and city rose at once; the Ten were pulled down; the Tribuneship was reëstablished; and Appius escaped the hands of the executioner only by a voluntary death." Cf. Arn. Hist. I, ch. xv.; Liddell's Hist. ch. x.

XLIV-XLVII. Claudius, the client of Appius Claudius, claims Virginia as his slave, and asserts his claim before the tribunal of Appius.

1. Aliud...nefas. In the preceding chapter, Livy had narrated the 67 story of the wanton murder of the heroic Siccius by the decemvirs.

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7. Honestum...ducebat. Ordo = centuria, a company. Ducere or67 dinem, to command a company, i. e., to be a captain. But there was a difference in the rank of the companies, and of their captains. Render, held a high rank as a captain in the army on the Algidus. The Romans were now at war with the Sabines and the Equians. One army was sent against the Sabines at Eretum, and another to Mt. Algidus. In c. 42, Livy mentions the defeat of both these armies, and the retreat of the former to Fidenæ, and of the latter to Tusculum.

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9. Perinde uxor, etc. Perinde = prorsus eo modo, exactly in the same manner, and refers to what has just been said of Virginius. His wife had been educated in the same manner as Virginius, and so were their children educated.

15. Virginem in servitutem, etc. Asserere or vindicare aliquem in servitutem, to claim one as a slave ;—in libertatem, to claim as free. Vindicia means an interim decision, to determine to whose possession the person or thing in question should be adjudged, pending the trial. When, as in this instance, it was to be decided whether a person were free or a slave, the vindicia must, by the laws of the Twelve Tables, be granted secundum libertatem, as it was termed, or in favor of liberty. Hence Appius here instructs his client not to accede to the legal demand for such a decision.

24. Celebrabatur; literally, was frequently uttered; was on everybody's lips. Notos, etc., regard for them wins to the girl their acquaintances, the baseness of the proceeding, the crowd.

2. Auctoribus...sequeretur. Adesse, to be present; hence, to stand by, to take one's part. Auctoribus is in abl. abs. with the antecedent of qui. While those who took her part advised her to follow.

4. Notam...peragit. Petitor is here the claimant. The expressions fabula, the farce, and argumentum, the plot, are borrowed from the stage.

6. Suppositam ei esse. Suppositam, from sub and ponere, to put in the place of, substitute, whence our word supposititious, as used of one child substituted for another; was falsely given to him as his own.

XLV. Appius decrees to Claudius the interim possession of Virginia, but is met with remonstrance on the part of Icilius.

16. Decreto præfatus, etc.; decreto præfari, to say something before a decree, by way of preface and defence; Appius prefaced his decree by saying, etc. Prætenderc, literally, to stretch one thing before another by way of protection, i. e., to allege in excuse for, to pretend. Render the

clause which the friends of Virginius put forward as a pretence for their PAGE demand. 68

18. Ceterum ita...si...variet. On ita-si, see first note, I. 8. But that there would be in that law a firm security for liberty, only on this condition, that it varied neither in causes nor in persons; i. e., that the law should without any variation be applied only to the causes and persons for which it was made.

19. In his enim, etc. Appius sophistically professed to consider the case of Virginia as one without the province of the law in question. He contended that it applied only to those who were independent, and free sui juris. If such a person were claimed as a slave, the law allowed him, by an interim decision, to be considered free, till he was proved a slave, and required the claimant to be content with taking the offered security. But this maiden, he argued, was not in any case free; she belonged either to her master or to her father; and as her father was not present, her master had for the present an exclusive title to her. The word his, these, is meant to be referred to those who were thus independent, or free, in the sense of not being, as Virginia (in ea), under the patria potestas. Id juris esse, literally, that that belonged to law (juris is pred. gen.), that that was legal; the id referring to the provision of an interim decision, in such cases, in favor of freedom.

30. Decresse; sc. Appium, or decemvirum. In direct discourse the lictor would say, decrevit.

33. Ut tacitum feras, etc. Ferre, metaphorically as the English carry, as in the expression, carry a point. So ferre tacitum ab aliquo, i. e., carry a thing without one's speaking of it, when one submits without a word of opposition. This occurs in I. 50. Ne id quidem ab Turno tulisse (sc. Tarquinium) tacitum ferunt.-Compare Terence. Andr. 3, 5, 4, sed inultum numquam id auferet.

33. Virginem.......nuptamque pudicam habiturus, I intend to marry this maiden, and will have in her a chaste bride. This reading is from Alschefski, instead of nuptam pudicamque.

9. Virginius viderit. See note on videritis, I. 58.

XLVI. Appius puts off the execution of the decree to the arrival of Virginius, and allows Virginia to remain meantime at her own home, on condition of security being given for her appearance on the next day.

22. Vindicarique puellam, etc. Vindicari, i. e., in libertatem, to be claimed as a free person. Appius says that he will request Claudius to waive his own right, to accept of sureties for the girl's appearance, and to allow for the present her claim to freedom.

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