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the second and third persons, it merely foretels."-Jaudon's Gram., p. 59. (4.) "Will, in the first person singular and plural, promises or threatens; in the second and third persons, only foretells."-Lowth's Gram., p. 41. (5.) "Will, in the first person singular and plural, intimates resolution and promising; in the second and third person, only foretels."-Murray's Gram., p. 88; Ingersoll's, 136; Fisk's, 78; A. Flint's, 42; Bullions's, 32; Hamlin's, 41; Cooper's Murray, 50. Murray's Second Edition has it "foretells." (6.) "Will, in the first person singular and plural, expresses resolution and promising. In the second and third persons it only foretells.”— Comly's Gram., p. 38; E. Devis's, 51; Lennie's, 22. (7.) " Will, in the first person, promises. In the second and third persons, it simply foretels."-Maltby's Gram., p. 24. (8.) "Will, in the first person implies resolution and promising; in the second and third, it foretells."—Cooper's New Gram., p. 51. (9.) "Will, in the first person singular and plural, promises or threatens; in the second and third persons, only foretels: shall, on the contrary, in the first person, simply foretels; in the second and third persons, promises, commands, or threatens."-Adam's Lat. and Eng. Gram., p. 83. (10.) "In the first person shall foretels, and will promises or threatens; but in the second and third persons will foretels, and shall promises or threatens."-Blair's Gram., p. 65. "If Mævius scribble in Apollo's spight,

There are who judge still worse than he can writo."-Pope.

EXERCISE X.-MIXED ERRORS.

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"I am liable to be charged that I latinize too much."-DRYDEN: in Johnson's Dict. "To mould him platonically to his own idea."-WOTTON: ib. "I will marry a wife as beautiful as the houries, and as wise as Zobeide.”—Murray's E. Reader, p. 148. "I will marry a wife, beautiful as the Houries."-Wilcox's Gram., p. 65. "The words in italics are all in the imperative mood."-Maltby's Gram., p. 71. "Words Italicised, are emphatick, in various degrees."-Kirkham's Elocution, p. 173. "Wherever two gg's come together, they are both hard."-Buchanan's Gram., p. 5. "But these are rather silent (o) 's than obscure (u)'s."-Brightland's Gram., p. 19. "That can be Guest at by us, only from the Consequences."-Right of Tythes, p. viii. "He says he was glad that he had Baptized so few; And asks them, Were ye Baptised in the Name of Paul?"-Ib., p. ix. "Therefor he Charg'd the Clergy with the Name of Hirelings."-Ib., p. viii. "On the fourth day before the first second day in each month."-The Friend, Vol. vii, p. 230. "We are not bound to adhere for ever to the terms, or to the meaning of terms, which were established by our ancestors."-Murray's Gram., p. 140. "O! learn from him to station quick eyed Prudence at the helm."-Frost's El. of Gram., p. 104. "It pourtrays the serene landscape of a retired village."-Music of Nature, p. 421. By stating the fact, in a circumlocutary manner."-Booth's Introd. to Dict., p. 33. "Time as an abstract being is a non-entity."—Ib., p. 29. "From the difficulty of analysing the multiplied combinations of words."-Ib., p. 19. "Drop those letters that are superfluous, as: handful, foretel."-Cooper's Plain & Pract. Gram., p. 10. Shall, in the first person, simply foretells."-Ib., p. 51. "And the latter must evidently be so too, or, at least, cotemporary, with the act."-Ib., p. 60. "The man has been traveling for five years.”—Ib., p. 77. "I shall not take up time in combatting their scruples."-Blair's Rhet., p. 320. "In several of the chorusses of Euripides and Sophocles, we have the same kind of lyric poetry as in Pindar."-Ib., p. 398. "Until the Statesman and Divine shall unite their efforts in forming the human mind, rather than in loping its excressences, after it has been neglected."— Webster's Essays, p. 26. "Where conviction could be followed only by a bigotted persistence in error."-Ib., p. 78. "All the barons were entitled to a seet in the national council, in right of their baronys."-Ib., p. 260. "Some knowledge of arithmetic is necessary for every lady."-Ib., p. 29. Upon this, [the system of chivalry,] were founded those romances of night-errantry."Blair's Rhet., p. 374. "The subject is, the atchievements of Charlemagne and his Peers, or Paladins."-Ib., p. 374. Aye, aye; this slice to be sure outweighs the other."-Blair's Reader, p. 31. "In the common phrase, good-bye, bye signifies passing, going. The phrase signifies, a good going, a prosperous passage, and is equivalent to farewell."-Webster's Dict. "Good-by, adv.-a contraction of good be with you-a familiar way of bidding farewell."-See Chalmers's Dict. "Off he sprung, and did not so much as stop to say good bye to you."-Blair's Reader, p. 16. "It no longer recals the notion of the action."—Barnard's Gram., p. 69.

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"Good-nature and good-sense must ever join;

To err, is human; to forgive, divine."-Pope, Ess. on Crit.

EXERCISE XI.-MIXED ERRORS.

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"The practices in the art of carpentry are called planeing, sawing, mortising, scribing, moulding, &c."-Blair's Reader, p. 118. "With her left hand, she guides the thread round the spindle, or rather round a spole which goes on the spindle."—Ib., p. 134. "Much suff'ring heroes next their honours claim."-POPE: Johnson's Dict., w. Much. "Vein healing verven, and head purging dill."-SPENSER: ib., w. Head. An, in old English, signifies if; as, 'an it please your honor.'"Webster's Dict. What, then, was the moral worth of these renouned leaders ?"-M Ilvaine's Lect., p. 460. "Behold how every form of human misery is met by the self denying diligence of the benevolent."-Ib., p. 411. Reptiles, bats, and doleful creatures-jackalls, hyenas, and lions-inhabit the holes, and caverns, and marshes of the desolate city."—Ib., p. 270. ADAYS,

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adv. On or in days; as, in the phrase, now adays."—Webster's Dict. "REFEREE, one to whom a thing is referred; TRANSFERREE, the person to whom a transfer is made.”—Ib. "The Hospitallers were an order of knights who built a hospital at Jerusalem for pilgrims."-Ib. "GERARD, Tom, or Tung, was the institutor and first grand master of the knights hospitalers: he died in 1120."-Biog. Dict. "I had a purpose now to lead our many to the holy land.”—SHAK.: in Johnson's Dict. "He turned their heart to hate his people, to deal subtilly with his servants."— Psalms, cv, 25. "In Dryden's ode of Alexander's Feast, the line, Faln, faln, faln, faln,' repre sents a gradual sinking of the mind."-Kames, El. of Crit., Vol. ii, p. 71. "The first of these Ines is marvelously nonsensical.”—Jamieson's Rhet., p. 117. "We have the nicely chiseled forms of an Apollo and a Venus, but it is the same cold marble still."-Christian Spect., Vol. viii, p. 201. "Death waves his mighty wand and paralyses all."—Bucke's Gram., p. 35. "Fear God. Honor the patriot. Respect virtue."-Kirkham's Grum., p. 216. "Pontius Pilate being Governour of Judea, and Herod being Tetrarch of Galilee."—Ib., p. 189. See Luke, iii, 1. "AUCTIONIER, n. s. The person that manages an auction."-Johnson's Dict. "The earth put forth her primroses and days-eyes, to behold him."-HOWEL: ib. "Musselman, not being a compound of man, is mus seimans in the plural."-Lennie's Gram., p. 9. "The absurdity of fatigueing them with a needless heap of grammar rules."-Burgh's Dignity, Vol. i, p. 147. "John was forced to sit with his arms a kimbo, to keep them asunder."-ARBUTHNOT: Joh. Dict. "To set the arms a kimbo, is to set the hands on the hips, with the elbows projecting outward."— Webster's Dict. "We almost uniformly confine the inflexion to the last or the latter noun."-Maunder's Gram., p. 2. "This is all souls day, fellows! Is it not?"-SHAK.: in Joh. Dict. "The english physicians make use of troy-weight."-Johnson's Dict. "There is a certain number of ranks allowed to dukes, marquisses, and earls."-PEACHAM: ib., w. Marquis.

"How could you chide the young good natur'd prince,

And drive him from you with so stern an air."-ADDISON: ib., w. Good, 25.

EXERCISE XII.-MIXED ERRORS.

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"In reading, every appearance of sing-song should be avoided."-Sanborn's Gram., p. 75. "If you are thoroughly acquainted with the inflexions of the verb."—Ib., p. 53. "The preterite of read is pronounced red."-Ib., p. 48. "Humility opens a high way to dignity."-Ib., p. 15. "What is intricate must be unraveled."-Ib., p. 275. Roger Bacon invented gun powder, A. D. 1280."-Ib., p. 277. "On which ever word we lay the emphasis."-Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 243; 12mo, p. 195. "Each of the leaders was apprized of the Roman invasion."-Nixon's Parser, p. 123. "If I say, 'I gallopped from Islington to Holloway;' the verb is intransitive: if, 'I gallopped my horse from Islington to Holloway;' it is transitive."-Churchill's Gram., p. 238. "The reasonableness of setting a part one day in seven."-The Friend, Vol. iv, p. 240. promoters of paper money making reprobated this act."-Webster's Essays, p. 196. "There are five compound personal pronouns, which are derived from the five simple personal pronouns by adding to some of their cases the syllable self; as, my-self, thy-self, him-self, her-self, it-self.”— Perley's Gram., p. 16. "Possessives, my-own, thy-own, his-own, her-own, its-own, our-own, your-own, their-own."-Ib., Declensions. "Thy man servant and thy maid servant may rest, as well as thou."-Sanborn's Gram., p. 160. "How many right angles has an acute angled triangle?"-Ib., p. 220. "In the days of Jorum, king of Israel, flourished the prophet Elisha."Ib., p. 148. "In the days of Jorum, king of Israel, Elisha, the prophet flourished."—Ib., p. 133. “Lodgable, a. Capable of affording a temporary abode."— Webster's Octavo Dict.—“Win me into the easy hearted man."-Johnson's Quarto Dict. "And then to end life, is the same as to dye."Milnes's Greek Gram., p. 176. "Those usurping hectors who pretend to honour without religion, think the charge of a lie a blot not to be washed out but by blood."-SOUTH: Joh. Dict. "His gallies attending him, he pursues the unfortunate."-Nixon's Parser, p. 91. "This cannot fail to make us shyer of yielding our assent."-Campbell's Rhet., p. 117. "When he comes to the Italicised word, he should give it such a definition as its connection with the sentence may require."-Claggett's Expositor, p. vii. "Learn to distil from your lips all the honies of persuasion." -Adams's Rhetoric, Vol. i, p. 31. "To instill ideas of disgust and abhorrence against the Americans."-Ib., ii, 300. "Where prejudice has not acquired an uncontroled ascendency."Ib., i, 31. "The uncontrolable propensity of his mind was undoubtedly to oratory."-Пb., i, 100. "The Brutus is a practical commentary upon the dialogues and the orator."-Ib., i, 120. "The oratorical partitions are a short elementary compendium.”—Ib., i, 130. "You shall find hundreds of persons able to produce a crowd of good ideas upon any subject, for one that can marshall them to the best advantage."-lb., i, 169. "In this lecture, you have the outline of all that the whole course will comprize."-Ib., i, 182. "He would have been stopped by a hint from the bench, that he was traveling out of the record."-—Ib., i, 289. "To tell them that which should befal them in the last days."--Ib., ii, 308. "Where all is present, there is nothing past to recal." --Ib., ii, 358. Whose due it is to drink the brimfull cup of God's eternal vengeance."-Law and Grace, p. 36.

"There, from the dead, centurions see him rise,

See, but struck down with horrible surprize!"-Savage.

"With seed of woes my heart brimful is charged."-SIDNEY: Joh. Dict.

"Our legions are brimful, our cause is ripe."-SHAKSPEARE: ib.

PART II.

ETYMOLOGY.

ETYMOLOGY treats of the different parts of speech, with their classes and modifications.

The Parts of Speech are the several kinds, or principal classes, into which words are divided by grammarians.

Classes, under the parts of speech, are the particular sorts into which the several kinds of words are subdivided.

Modifications are inflections, or changes, in the terminations, forms, or senses, of some kinds of words.

CHAPTER I.—PARTS OF SPEECH.

The Parts of Speech, or sorts of words, in English, are ten; namely, the Article, the Noun, the Adjective, the Pronoun, the Verb, the Participle, the Adverb, the Conjunction, the Preposition, and the Interjection.

1. THE ARTICLE.

An Article is the word the, an, or a, which we put before nouns to limit their signification: as, The air, the stars; an island, a ship.

2. THE NOUN,

A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing, that can be known or mentioned: as, George, York, man, apple, truth.

3. THE ADJECTIVE.

An Adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun, and generally expresses quality: as, A wise man; a new book. You two are diligent.

4. THE PRONOUN.

A Pronoun is a word used in stead of a noun: as, The boy loves his book; he has long lessons, and he learns them well.

5. THE VERB.

A Verb is a word that signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon: as, I am, I rule, I am ruled; I love, thou lovest, he loves.

6. THE PARTICIPLE.

A Participle is a word derived from a verb, participating the properties of a verb, and of an adjective or a noun; and is generally formed by adding ing, d, or ed, to the verb: thus, from the verb rule, are formed three participles, two simple and one compound; as, 1. ruling, 2. ruled, 3. having ruled.

7. THE ADVERB.

An Adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb; and generally expresses time, place, degree, or manner: as, They are now here, studying very diligently.

8. THE CONJUNCTION.

A Conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences in construction, and to show the dependence of the terms so connected: as, "Thou and he are happy, because you are good.”—L. Murray.

9. THE PREPOSITION.

A Preposition is a word used to express some relation of different things or thoughts to each other, and is generally placed before a noun or a pronoun: as, The paper lies before me on the desk.

10. THE INTERJECTION.

An interjection is a word that is uttered merely to indicate some strong or sudden emotion of the mind: as, Oh! alas! ah! poh! pshaw! avaunt! aha! hurrah!

OBSERVATIONS.

OBS. 1.-The first thing to be learned in the study of this the second part of grammar, is the distribution of the words of the language into those principal sorts, or classes, which are denominated the Parts of Speech. This is a matter of some difficulty. And as no scheme which can be adopted, will be in all cases so plain that young beginners will not occasionally falter in its application, the teacher may sometimes find it expedient to refer his pupils to the following simple explanations, which are designed to aid their first and most difficult steps.

How can we know to what class, or part of speech, any word belongs? By learning the definitions of the ten parts of speech, and then observing how the word is written, and in what sense it is used. It is necessary also to observe, so far as we can, with what other words each particular one is capable of making sense.

1. Is it easy to distinguish an ARTICLE? If not always easy, it is generally so: the, an, and a, are the only English words called articles, and these are rarely any thing else. Because an and a have the same import, and are supposed to have the same origin, the articles are commonly reckoned two, but some count them as three.

2. How can we distinguish a NOUN? By means of the article before it, if there is one; as, the house, an apple, a book; or, by adding it to the phrase, "I mentioned;" as, "I mentioned peace;" -"I mentioned war;"-"I mentioned slumber. Any word which thus makes complete sense, is, in that sense, a noun; because a noun is the name of any thing which can thus be mentioned by a name. Of English nouns, there are said to be as many as twenty-five or thirty thousand. 3. How can we distinguish an ADJECTIVE? By putting a noun after it, to see if the phrase will be sense. The noun thing, or its plural things, will suit almost any adjective; as, A good thing-A bad thing—A little thing-A great thing-Few things-Many things-Some thingsFifty things. Of adjectives, there are perhaps nine or ten thousand.

4. How can we distinguish a PRONOUN? By observing that its noun repeated makes the same sense. Thus, the example of the pronoun above, "The boy loves his book; he has long lessons, and he learns them well,"—very clearly means, "The boy loves the boy's book; the boy has long lessons, and the boy learns those lessons well." Here then, by a disagreeable repetition of two nouns, we have the same sense without any pronoun; but it is obvious that the pronouns form a better mode of expression, because they prevent this awkward repetition. The different pronouns in English are twenty-four; and their variations in declension are thirty-two: so that the number of words of this class, is fifty-six.

5. How can we distinguish a VERB? By observing that it is usually the principal word in the sentence, and that without it there would be no assertion. It is the word which expresses what is affirmed or said of the person or thing mentioned; as, "Jesus wept."-"Felix trembled.""The just shall live by faith." It will make sense when inflected with the pronouns; as, I write, thou writ'st, he writes; we write, you write, they write.-I walk, thou walkst, he walks; we walk, you walk, they walk. Of English verbs, some recent grammarians compute the number at eight thousand; others formerly reckoned them to be no more than four thousand three hundred.*

"The whole number of verbs in the English language, regular and irregular, simple and compounded, taken together, is about 4,300. See, in Dr. Ward's Essays on the English language, the catalogue of English verbs. The whole number of irregular verbs, the defective included, is about 176."-Lowth's Gram., Philad., 1799, p. 50. Lindley Murray copied the first and the last of these three sentences, but made the latter number "about 177."-Octavo Gram., p. 109; Duodecimo, p. 98. In the latter work, he has this note: "The whole number of words, in the English language, is about thirty-five thousand."-Ib. Churchill says, "The whole number of verbs in the English language, according to Dr. Ward, is about 4,300. The irregulars, including the auxilaries, scarcely exceed 200."-New Gram., p. 113. An other late author has the following enumeration: "There are in the English language about twenty thousand five hundred nouns, forty pronouns, eight thousand verbs, nine thousand two hundred adnouns, two thousand six hundred adverbs, sixty-nine prepositions, nineteen conjunctions, and sixty-eight interjections; in all, above forty thousand words."-Rev. David Blair's Gram., p. 10. William Ward, M. A., in an old grammar undated, which speaks of Dr. Lowth's as one with which the public had very lately been favoured," says: "There are four Thousand and about five Hundred Verbs in the English [language]."—Ward's Practical Gram., p. 52.

6. How can we distinguish a PARTICIPLE? By observing its derivation from the verb, and then placing it after to be or having; as, To be writing, Having written-To be walking, Having walked-To be weeping, Having wept-To be studying, Having studied. Of simple participles, there are twice as many as there are of simple or radical verbs; and the possible compounds are not less numerous than the simples, but they are much less frequently used.

7. How can we distinguish an ADVERB? By observing that it answers to the question, When? Where? How much? or How?-or serves to ask it; as, "He spoke fluently." How did he speak? Fluently. This word fluently is therefore an adverb: it tells how he spoke. Of adverbs, there are about two thousand six hundred; and four fifths of them end in ly.

8. How can we distinguish a CONJUNCTION? By observing what words or terms it joins together, or to what other conjunction it corresponds; as, "Neither wealth nor honor can heal a wounded conscience."-Dillwyn's Ref., p. 16. Or, it may be well to learn the whole list at once: And, as, both, because, even, for, if, that, then, since, seeing, so: Or, nor, either, neither, than, though, although, yet, but, except, whether, lest, unless, save, provided, notwithstanding, whereas. Of conjunctions, there are these twenty-nine in common use, and a few others now obsolete.

9. How can we distinguish a PREPOSITION? By observing that it will govern the pronoun them, and is not a verb or a participle; as, About them-above them-across them-after themagainst them-amidst them-among them-around them-at them-Before them-behind them below them-beneath them-beside them-between them-beyond them-by them-For them —from them—In them-into them, &c. Of the prepositions, there are about sixty now in com

mon use.

10. How can we distinguish an INTERJECTION? By observing that it is an independent word or sound, uttered earnestly, and very often written with the note of exclamation; as Lo! behold! look! see! hark! hush! hist! mum! Of interjections, there are sixty or seventy in common use, some of which are seldom found in books.

OBS. 2.-An accurate knowledge of words, and of their changes, is indispensable to a clear discernment of their proper combinations in sentences, according to the usage of the learned. Etymology, therefore, should be taught before syntax; but it should be chiefly taught by a direct analysis of entire sentences, and those so plainly written that the particular effect of every word may be clearly distinguished, and the meaning, whether intrinsic or relative, be discovered with precision. The parts of speech are usually named and defined with reference to the use of words in sentences; and, as the same word not unfrequently stands for several different parts of speech, the learner should be early taught to make for himself the proper application of the foregoing distribution, without recurrence to a dictionary, and without aid from his teacher. He who is endeavouring to acquaint himself with the grammar of a language which he can already read and understand, is placed in circumstances very different from those which attend the school-boy who is just beginning to construe some sentences of a foreign tongue. A frequent use of the dictionary may facilitate the progress of the one, while it delays that of the other. English grammar, it is hoped, may be learned directly from this book alone, with better success than can be expected when the attention of the learner is divided among several or many different works.

OBS. 3.-Dr. James P. Wilson, in speaking of the classification of words, observes, "The names of the distributive parts should either express, distinctly, the influence, which each class produces on sentences; or some other characteristic trait, by which the respective species of words may be distinguished, without danger of confusion. It is at least probable, that no distribution, sufficiently minute, can ever be made, of the parts of speech, which shall be wholly free from all objection. Hasty innovations, therefore, and crude conjectures, should not be permitted to disturb that course of grammatical instruction, which has been advancing in melioration, by the unremitting labours of thousands, through a series of ages."- Wilson's Essay on Gram., p. 66. Again: "The number of the parts of speech may be reduced, or enlarged, at pleasure; and the rules of syntax may be accommodated to such new arrangement. The best grammarians find it difficult, in practice, to distinguish, in some instances, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions; yet their effects are generally distinct. This inconvenience should be submitted to, since a less comprehensive distribution would be very unfavourable to a rational investigation of the meaning of English sentences."-Ib., p. 68. Again: "As and so have been also deemed substitutes, and resolved into other words. But if all abbreviations are to be restored to their primitive parts of speech, there will be a general revolution in the present systems of grammar; and the various improvements, which have sprung from convenience, or necessity, and been sanctioned by the usage of ancient times, must be retrenched, and anarchy in letters universally prevail.”—Ïb.,

114.

p.

OBS. 4.-I have elsewhere sufficiently shown why ten parts of speech are to be preferred to any other number, in English; and whatever diversity of opinion there may be, respecting the class to which some particular words ought to be referred, I trust to make it obvious to good sense, that I have seldom erred from the course which is most expedient. 1. Articles are used with appellative nouns, sometimes to denote emphatically the species, but generally to designate individuals. 2. Nouns stand in discourse for persons, things, or abstract qualities. 3. Adjectives commonly express the concrete qualities of persons or things; but sometimes, their situation or number. 4. Pronouns are substitutes for names, or nouns; but they sometimes represent sentences. 5. Verbs assert, ask, or say something; and, for the most part, express action or motion. 6. Participles contain the essential meaning of their verbs, and commonly denote action, and

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