LESSON IX OF THE ECPHONEME. 1. What is the use of the Ecphoneme, or Note of Exclamation? 2. How many rules are there for this mark? 2. What are their heads? 4. What says Rule 1st of Interjections? 5. What says Rule 2d of Invocations? 6. What says Rule 3d of Exclamatory Questions? [Now, if you please, you may correct orally, according to the formules given, some or all of the various examples of False Punctuation, which are arranged under the rules for the Ecphoneme in Section Seventh.] LESSON X.-OF THE CURVES. 1. What is the use of the Curves, or Marks of Parenthesis? 2. How many rules are there for the Curves? 3. What are their titles, or heads? 4. What says Rule 1st of the Parenthesis? 5. What says Rule 2d of Included Points? [Now, if you please, you may correct orally, according to the formules given, some or all of the various examples of False Punctuation, which are arranged under the rules for the Curves in Section Eighth.] LESSON XI.-OF THE OTHER MARKS. 1. What is the use of the Apostrophe? 2. What is the use of the Hyphen? 3. What is the use of the Diaresis, or Dialysis? 4. What is the use of the Acute Accent? 5. What is the use of the Grave Accent? 6. What is the use of the Circumflex? 7. What is the use of the Breve, or Stenotone? 8. What is the use of the Macron, or Macrotone? 9. What is the use of the Ellipsis, or Suppression? 10. What is the use of the Caret? 11. What is the use of the Brace? 12. What is the use of the Section? 13. What is the use of the Paragraph? 14. What is the use of the Guillemets, or Quotation Points? 15. How do we mark a quotation within a quotation? 16. What is the use of the Crotchets, or Brackets? 17. What is the use of the Index, or Hand? 18. What are the six Marks of Reference in their usual order? 19. How can references be otherwise made? 20. What is the use of the Asterism, or the Three Stars? 21. What is the use of the Cedilla? [Having correctly answered the foregoing questions, the pupil should be taught to apply the principles of punctuation; and, for this purpose, he may be required to read a portion of some accurately pointed book, or may be directed to turn to the Fourteenth Prazis, beginning on p. 821,--and to assign a reason for every mark he finds.] LESSON XII.-OF UTTERANCE. 1. What is Utterance? 2. What does it include? 3. What is articulation? 4. How does articulation differ from pronunciation? 5. How does Comstock define it? 6. What, in his view, is a good articulation? 7. How does Bolles define articulation? 8. Is a good articulation important? 9. What are the faults opposite to it? 10. What says Sheridan, of a good articulation? 11. Upon what does distinctness depend? 13. Why is just articulation better than mere loudness? 13. Do we learn to articulate in learning to speak or read? LESSON XIII.-OF PRONUNCIATION. 8. Are all 1. What is pronunciation? 2. What is it that is called Orthoëpy? 3. What knowledge does pronunciation require? 4. What are the just powers of the letters? 5. How are these learned? 6. Are the just powers of the letters in any degree variable? 7. What is quantity? long syllables equally long, and all short ones equally short? 9. What has stress of voice to do with quantity? 10. What is accent? 11. Is every word accented? 12. Do we ever lay two equal accents on one word? 13. Have we more than one sort of accent? 14. Can any word have the secondary accent, and not the primary? 15. Can monosyllables have either? 16. What regulates accent? 17. What four things distinguish the elegant speaker? LESSON XIV.-OF ELOCUTION. 1. What is elocution? 2. What does elocution require? 3. What is emphasis? 4. What comparative view is taken of accent and emphasis? 5. How does L. Murray connect emphasis with quantity? 6. Does emphasis ever affect accent? 7. What is the guide to a right emphasis? 8. Can one read with too many emphases? 9. What are pauses? 10. How many and what kinds of pauses are there? 11. What is said of the duration of pauses, and the taking of breath? 12. After what manner should pauses be made? 13. What pauses are particularly ungraceful? 14. What is said of rhetorical pauses? 15. How are the harmonic pauses divided? 16. Are such pauses essential to verse? LESSON XV.-OF ELOCUTION. 17. What are inflections? 18. What is called the rising or upward inflection? 19. What is called the falling or downward inflection? 20. How are these inflections exemplified? 21. How are they used in asking questions? 22. What is said of the notation of them? 23. What constitutes a circumflex? 24. What constitutes the rising, and what the falling, circumflex? 25. Can you give examples? 26. What constitutes a monotone, in elocution? 27. Which kind of inflection is said to be most common? 28. Which is the best adapted to strong emphasis? 29. What says Comstock of rules for inflections? 30. Is the voice to be varied for variety's sake? 31. What should regulate the inflections? 32. What is cadence? 33. What says Rippingham about it? 34. What says Murray? 35. What are tones? 36. Why do they deserve particular attention? 37. What says Blair about tones? 38. What says Hiley? LESSON XVI-OF FIGURES. 1. What is a Figure in grammar? 2. How many kinds of figures are there? 3. What is a figure of orthography? 4. What are the principal figures of orthography? 5. What is Mimesis? 6. What is an Archaism? 7. What is a figure of etymology? 8. How many and what are the figures of etymology? 9. What is Apheresis? 10. What is Prosthesis? 11. What is Syncope? 12. What is Apocope? 13. What is Paragoge? 14. What is Dixeresis? 15. What is Synæresis? 16. What is Tmesis? 17. What is a figure of syntax? 18. How many and what are the figures of syntax? 19. What is Ellipsis, in grammar? 20. Are sentences often elliptical? 21. What parts of speech can be omitted, by ellipsis? 22. What is Pleonasm? 23. When is this figure allowable? 24. What is Syllepsis? 25. What is Enallage? 26. What is Hyperbaton? 27. What is said of this figure? LESSON XVII.-OF FIGURES. 28. What is a figure of rhetoric? 29. What peculiar name have some of these? 30. Do figures of rhetoric often occur? 31. On what are they founded? 32. How many and what are the principal figures of rhetoric? 33. What is a Simile? 34. What is a Metaphor? 35. What is an Allegory? 36. What is a Metonymy? 37. What is Synecdoche? 38. What is Hyperbole? 39. What is Vision? 40. What is Apostrophe? 41. What is Personification? 42. What is Erotesis? 43. What is Ecphonesis? 44. What is Antithesis? 45. What is Climax? 46. What is Irony? 47. What is Apophasis, or Paralipsis? 48. What is Onomatopœia ? [Now, if you please, you may examine the quotations adopted for the Fourteenth Prazis, and may name and define the various figures of grammar which are contained therein.] LESSON XVIII.-OF VERSIFICATION. 1. What is Versification? 2. What is verse, as distinguished from prose? 3. What is the rhythm of verse? 4. What is the quantity of a syllable? 5. How are poetic quantities denominated? 6. How are they proportioned? 7. What quantity coincides with accent or emphasis? 8. On what but the vowel sound does quantity depend? 9. Does syllabic quantity always follow the quality of the vowels? 10. Where is quantity variable, and where fixed, in English? 11. What is rhyme? 12. What is blank verse? 13. What is remarked concerning the rhyming syllables? 14. What is a stanza? 15. What uniformity have stanzas? 16. What variety have they? LESSON XIX.-OF VERSIFICATION. 17. Of what does a verse consist? 18. Of what does a poetic foot consist? 19. How many feet do prosodists recognize? 20. What are the principal feet in English? 21. What is an Iambus? 22. What is a Trochee? 23. What is an Anapest? 24. What is a Dactyl? 25. Why are these feet principal? 26. What orders of verse arise from these? 27. Are these kinds to be kept separate? 28. What is said of the secondary feet? 29. How many and what secondary feet are explained in this code? 30. What is a Spondee? 31. What is a Pyrrhic? 32. What is a Moloss? 33. What is a Tribrach? 34. What is an Amphibrach? 35. What is an Amphimac? 36. What is a Bacchy? 37. What is an Antibachy? 38. What is a Cæsura? LESSON XX.-OF VERSIFICATION. 39. What are the principal kinds, or orders, of verse? 40. What other orders are there? 41. Does the composite order demand any uniformity? 42. Do the simple orders admit any diversity? 43. What is meant by scanning or scansion? 44. What mean the technical words, catalectic, acatalectic, and hypermeter? 45. In scansion, why are the principal feet to be preferred to the secondary? 46. Can a single foot be a line? 47. What are the several combinations that form dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, heptameter, and octometer? 48. What syllables have stress in a pure iambic line? 49. What are the several measures of iambic verse? 50. What syllables have stress in a pure trochaic line? 51. Can it be right, to regard as hypermeter the long rhyming syllables of a line? 52. Is the number of feet in a line to be generally counted by that of the long syllables? 53. What are the several measures of trochaic verse? LESSON XXI.-OF VERSIFICATION. 54. What syllables have stress in a pure anapestic line? 55. What variation may occur in the first foot? 56. Is this frequent? 57. Is it ever uniform? 58. What is the result of a uniform mixture? 59. Is the anapest adapted to single rhyme? 60. May a surplus ever make up for a deficiency? 61. Why are the anapestic measures few? 62. How many syllables are found in the longest? 63. What are the several measures of anapestic verse? 64. What syllables have stress in a pure dactylic line? 65. With what does single-rhymed dactylic end? 66. Is dactylic verse very common? 67. What are the several measures of dactylic verse? 68. What is composite verse? 69. Must composites have rhythm? 70. Are the kinds of composite verse numerous? 71. Why have we no exact enumeration of the measures of this order? 72. Does this work contain specimens of different kinds of composite verse? [It may now be required of the pupil to determine, by reading and scansion, the metrical elements of any good English poetry which may be selected for the purpose-the feet being marked by pauses, and the long syllables by stress of voice. He may also correct orally the few Errors of Metre which are given in the Fifth Section of Chapter IV.] CHAPTER VI.-FOR WRITING. EXERCISES IN PROSODY. When the pupil can readily answer all the questions on Prosody, and apply the rules of punctuation to any composition in which the points are rightly inserted, he should write out the following exercises, supplying what is required, and correcting what is amiss. Or, if any teacher choose to exercise his classes orally, by means of these examples, he can very well do it; because, to read words, is always easier than to write them, and even points or poetic feet may be quite as readily named as written.] EXERCISE I.-PUNCTUATION. Copy the following sentences, and insert the COMMA where it is requisite. EXAMPLES UNDER RULE I.-OF SIMPLE SENTENCES. "The dogmatist's assurance is paramount to argument." "The whole course of his argumentation comes to nothing." "The fieldmouse builds her garner under ground." Exc.-"The first principles of almost all sciences are few." "What he gave me to publish was but a small part." "To remain insensible to such provocation is apathy." "Minds ashamed of poverty would be proud of affluence." "To be totally indifferent to praise or censure is a real defect in character."-Wilson's Punctuation, p. 38. UNDER RULE II.-OF SIMPLE MEMBERS. "I was eyes to the blind and feet was I to the lame." "They are gone but the remembrance of them is sweet." "He has passed it is likely through varieties of fortune." "The mind though free has a governor within itself." "They I doubt not oppose the bill on public principles." "Be silent be grateful and adore." "He is an adept in language who always speaks the truth." "The race is not to the swift nor the battle to the strong." Exc. I.-"He that has far to go should not hurry." "Hobbes believed the eternal truths which he opposed." "Feeble are all pleasures in which the heart has no share." "The love which survives the tomb is one of the noblest attributes of the soul."-Wilson's Punctuation, p. 38. Exc. II.—" A good name is better than precious ointment." "Thinkst thou that duty shall have dread to speak?" "The spleen is seldom felt where Flora reigns." UNDER RULE III.-OF MORE THAN TWO WORDS. "The city army court espouse my cause." "Wars pestilences and structors." "Walk daily in a pleasant airy and umbrageous garden." make it worse." "Men wives and children stare cry out and run." temperance are essential to happiness."-Wilson's Punctuation, p. 29. pleasure seduce the heart."-Ib., p. 31. diseases are terrible in"Wit spirits faculties but "Industry, honesty, and Honor, affluence, and UNDER RULE IV.-OF TWO TERMS CONNECTED. "Hope and fear are essentials in religion." “Praise and adoration are perfective of our souls.” "We know bodies and their properties most perfectly.' "Satisfy yourselves with what is rational and attainable." "Slowly and sadly we laid him down." Reprove vice but pity the offender." "All sin essentially is and must Exc. I.-"God will rather look to the inward motions of the mind than to the outward form of the body." "Gentleness is unassuming in opinion and temperate in zeal.” Exc. II." He has experienced prosperity and adversity." be mortal." แ Exc. III." One person is chosen chairman or moderator." motion." "The governor or viceroy is chosen annually." Exc. IV.-"Reflection reason still the ties improve." modern style." "We are fearfully wonderfully made." "Duration or time is measured by "His neat plain parlour wants our UNDER RULE V.-OF WORDS IN PAIRS. "I inquired and rejected consulted and deliberated." summer and winter day and night shall not cease." "Seed-time and harvest cold and heat EXERCISE II.-PUNCTUATION. Copy the following sentences, and insert the COMMA where it is requisite. EXAMPLES UNDER RULE VI.-OF WORDS PUT ABSOLUTE. "The night being dark they did not proceed." "There being no other coach we had no alternative." "Remember my son that human life is the journey of a day." "All circumstances considered it seems right." "He that overcometh to him will I give power." "Your land strangers devour it in your presence." "Ah sinful nation a people laden with iniquity!" "With heads declin'd ye cedars homage pay; Be smooth ye rocks ye rapid floods give way!" UNDER RULE VII-OF WORDS IN APPOSITION. "Now Philomel sweet songstress charms the night."""Tis chanticleer the shepherd's clock announcing day." "The evening star love's harbinger appears." "The queen of night fair Dian smiles serene." "There is yet one man Micaiah the son of Imlah." "Our whole company man by man ventured down." "As a work of wit the Dunciad has few equals." "In the same temple the resounding wood All vocal beings hymned their equal God." Exc. I.-"The last king of Rome was Tarquinius Superbus." "Bossuet highly eulogizes Maria Theresa of Austria." "No emperor has been more praised than Marcus Aurelius, Antoninus." Exc. II." For he went and dwelt by the brook Cherith." "Remember the example of the patriarch Joseph." "The poet, Milton, excelled in prose as well as in verse." Exc. III. I wisdom dwell with prudence." "Ye fools be ye of an understanding heart." "I tell you that which you yourselves do know." Exc. IV. "I crown thee king of intimate delights." "I count the world a stranger for thy sake." "And this makes friends such miracles below." "God has pronounced it death to taste that tree." "Grace makes the slave a freeman." UNDER RULE VIII.-OF ADJECTIVES. "Deaf with the noise I took my hasty flight." "Him piteous of his youth soft disengage." "I played a while obedient to the fair." "Love free as air spreads his light wings and flies." "Physical science separate from morals parts with its chief dignity." "Then active still and unconfined his mind "But there is yet a liberty unsung By poets and by senators unpraised." Exc.-"I will marry a wife beautiful as the Houries." "He was a man able to speak upon doubtful questions." "These are the persons, anxious for the change." "Are they men worthy "A man, charitable beyond his means, is scarcely honest.” of confidence and support ?" UNDER RULE IX.-OF FINITE VERBS. "Poverty wants some things-avarice all things." "Honesty has one face-flattery two." "One king is too soft and easy-an other too fiery." "Mankind's esteem they court-and he his own: His the compos'd possession of the true." EXERCISE III.—PUNCTUATION. Copy the following sentences, and insert the COMMA where it is requisite. EXAMPLES UNDER RULE X.-OF INFINITIVES. 'My desire is to live in peace." "The great difficulty was to compel them to pay their debts." "To strengthen our virtue God bids us trust in him." "I made no bargain with you to live always drudging." "To sum up all her tongue confessed the shrew." "To proceed my own adventure was still more laughable." "We come not with design of wasteful prey UNDER RULE XI.-OF PARTICIPLES. "Having given this answer he departed." "Some sunk to beasts find pleasure end in pain.” "Eased of her load subjection grows more light." "Death still draws nearer never seeming near." "He lies full low gored with wounds and weltering in his blood." "Kind is fell Lucifer compared to thee." "Man considered in himself is helpless and wretched." "Like scattered down by howling Eurus blown." "He with wide nostrils snorting skims the wave." "Youth is properly speaking introductory to manhood." Exc.-"He kept his eye fixed on the country before him." "They have their part assigned them to act." "Years will not repair the injuries done by him." UNDER RULE XII.-OF ADVERBS. "Yes we both were philosophers." "However Providence saw fit to cross our design." "Besides I know that the eye of the public is upon me." "The fact certainly is much otherwise." "For nothing surely can be more inconsistent." UNDER RULE XIII.-OF CONJUNCTIONS. "The Eng "For in such retirement the soul is strengthened." "It engages our desires; and in some degree satisfies them also." "But of every Christian virtue piety is an essential part." lish verb is variable; as love lovest loves." UNDER RULE XIV.-OF PREPOSITIONS. "In a word charity is the soul of social life." 'By the bowstring I can repress violence and fraud." "Some by being too artful forfeit the reputation of probity." "With regard to morality I was not indifferent." "Of all our senses sight is the most perfect and delightful." UNDER RULE XV.-OF INTERJECTIONS. "Behold I am against thee O inhabitant of the valley!" "O it is more like a dream than a reality." "Some wine ho!" "Ha ha ha; some wine eh?" "When lo the dying breeze begins to fail, And flutters on the mast the flagging sail." UNDER RULE XVI.-OF WORDS REPEATED. "I would never consent never never never." "His teeth did chatter chatter chatter still." "Come come come-to bed to bed to bed." UNDER RULE XVII.-OF DEPENDENT QUOTATIONS. "He cried 'Cause every man to go out from me.'" "Almet' said he 'remember what thou "I answered 'Mock not thy servant who is but a worm before thee.'' hast seen.'" EXERCISE IV.-PUNCTUATION. L. THE SEMICOLON.-Copy the following sentences, and insert the Comma and the SEMICOLON where they are requisite. EXAMPLES UNDER RULE I.-OF COMPOUND MEMBERS. "Man is weak' answered his companion 'knowledge is more than equivalent to force.'" "To judge rightly of the present we must oppose it to the past for all judgement is compartive and of the future nothing can be known.” "Contentment is natural wealth' says Socrates to which I shall add 'luxury is artificial poverty.' "Converse and love mankind might strongly draw When love was liberty and nature law." UNDER RULE II.-OF SIMPLE MEMBERS. "Wit "Be wise to-day 'tis madness to defer." "The present all their care the future his." makes an enterpriser sense a man." "Ask thought for joy grow rich and hoard within." "Song soothes our pains and age has pains to soothe." "Here an enemy encounters there a rival supplants him. "Our answer to their reasons is 'No' to their scoffs nothing." "Here subterranean works and cities see There towns aërial on the waving tree." UNDER RULE III.-OF APPOSITION. "In Latin there are six cases namely the nominative the genitive the dative the accusative the vocative and the ablative." "Most English nouns form the plural by takings: as boy boys nation "Bodies are such as are endued with a vegetable soul as plants a nations king kings bay bays." sensitive soul as animals or a rational soul as the body of man." II. THE COLON.-Copy the following sentences, and insert the Comma, the Semicolon, and the COLON, where they are requisite. UNDER RULE I.-QF ADDITIONAL REMARKS. "Indulge not desires at the expense of the slightest article of virtue pass once its limits and you fall headlong into vice." "Death wounds to cure we fall we rise we reign." "Beware of usur pation God is the judge of all." "Bliss!-there is none but unprecarious bliss UNDER RULE II.-OF GREATER PAUSES. "I have the world here before me I will review it at leisure surely happiness is somewhere to be found." "A melancholy enthusiast courts persecution and when he cannot obtain it afflicts himself with absurd penances but the holiness of St. Paul consisted in the simplicity of a pious life." "Observe his awful portrait and admire Nor stop at wonder imitate and live." UNDER RULE III.-OF INDEPENDENT QUOTATIONS. "Such is our Lord's injunction 'Watch and pray.' "He died praying for his persecutors 'Father forgive them they know not what they do.'" "On the old gentleman's cane was inscribed this motto Festina lentè." " III-THE PERIOD.-Copy the following sentences, and insert the Comma, the Semicolon, the Colon, and the PERIOD, where they are requisite. UNDER RULE I.-OF DISTINCT SENTENCES. "Then appeared the sea and the dry land the mountains rose and the rivers flowed the sun |