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a time with promising prospects of success, to send a missionary to Greece. The attempt, however, eventually failed; and some hopes which were entertained of establishing a mission, under the auspices of the Board, at Buenos Ayres, in like manner proved abortive. Had these attempts been successful, the work of Foreign Missions would have had a beginning; but Heathen Missions would still have remained unattempted. For three years past, the Assembly's Board of Missions, although fully authorized to institute Foreign Missions, have employed all their efforts and resources, in sustaining those of a domestick character; and probably will continue to do so, till the General Assembly shall otherwise direct.

The Synod of Pittsburgh, however, have, for a year past, been putting measures in train, for sustaining foreign missions, under the direction of a board appointed by that Synod; and this enterprise received from the last General Assembly, in their "Narrative of the State of Religion," the following cheering expression of their ap probation, viz:-" The Assembly would hail with pleasure the appearance of a deeper interest in the subject of Foreign Missions, recently manifested in the churches of the West, by the establishment of a Western Foreign Missionary Society. We would that all our churches might have a strong sense of their obligation to send the Gospel to every creature,' and afford fairer evidence of the sincerity of their daily prayers 'thy kingdom come.'"

Thus countenanced by the Supreme Judicatory of the Presbyterian church, we understand that the Western Foreign Missionary Society are nearly prepared to send forth their first missionaries, and that their Corresponding Secretary and General Agent may shortly be expected in this city, to solicit contributions, in aid of the funds necessary to the

support of the very important and interesting undertaking in which he and his brethren have embarked.

We are aware that there are many in the Presbyterian church, whose attachments are strong to the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions. Of that Board the writer of this article has long been a member; and he sincerely rejoices in the success which has hitherto attended its plans and operations, and wishes and prays that its prosperity may continue and increase. But he does not believe that this is inconsistent with earnestly desiring that the Pittsburgh Society may receive a liberal patronage. He is deliberately and solemnly convinced, that the Presbyterian church owes it as a sacred duty to her glorified Head, to sustain foreign as well as domestick missions, in her distinctive character as a church. He is satisfied, moreover, that there is a large number of individuals, abie and disposed to contribute to foreign missions, when they see them under the direction of a Presbyterian board, who will contribute little or nothing to this great object, till an ecclesiastical organization, in the church to which they belong, shall solicit their co-operation.Hence it is fully believed, that a far larger amount of foreign missionary service will be performed, if both these boards are countenanced and liberally supported, than if one only were in existence. Nor is it believed that many who already contribute to the A. B. C. F. M. will refuse to aid the Western Foreign Missionary Society, without withholding their accustomed donations from the Board which they have already patronized-"This ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone," is the language applicable to the class of donors now contemplated.

On the whole, while we have good reason to be very sensible of

the numerous pressing demands which are now continually made on benevolent and liberal Christians, for the maintenance of the many charitable and pious institutions and enterprises which characterize the day in which we live, we do still hope that the infant institution at Pittsburgh will be

cheerfully countenanced and munificently aided, by those who have been desirous of seeing the Presbyterian church coming forward to take her proper part, in endeavouring to fulfil the sacred injunction of the risen Saviour, "Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature."

Diew of Publick Affairs.

EUROPE.

The latest advices from Europe are from Liverpool of the 1st of August, with London dates of the 31st of July; and from Havre, of the same dates from Paris. BRITAIN. It appears that the British Parliament is likely to remain in session some months longer than was expected when we made our last report. The Irish Reform Bill has passed the House of Commons. The House of Lords has likewise passed the Bill, with some immaterial amendments, to which it is probable the Commons will make no serious objections. Thus this great and interesting affair is apparently settled, so far as Parliament is concerned. It is believed, however, by many, that the business of Reform will ultimately proceed much farther than the arrangements contained in this long disputed Bill-will not stop till the whole tythe system is completely abolished, and perhaps the bishops excluded from the House of Lords, and the pri vileges of the nobility generally, materially abridged. A splendid festival in honour of Reform, was celebrated in London, on the 11th of July, at which some of the most distinguished men in the kingdom assisted. The Jews, after having very discreetly waited till the general subject of Reform was disposed of, have recently come forward to Parliament with a petition that the disabilities under which they have so long laboured, may be removed; and their petition has apparently been received very favourably; and it is believed it will be granted, at least by the House of Commons, without much opposition. We sincerely wish they may not be disappointed. In the course of a debate, in which the sufferings of the Poles since their late subjugation by the armies of Russia, were brought into view, several members, particularly Mr. Hume and Mr. O'Connel, spoke with unmeasured severity of the conduct of the emperor Nicholas. They hesitated not to denounce him as acting toward the Poles with more than savage barbarity; and they applied to him every appellation indicative of cruelty, faithlessness and meanness. This language we find has excited much attention at Berlin, and at some other places on the continent of Europe. An envoy has been sent from the British court to that of Russia, to remonstrate with the emperor on his violation of the convention of Vienna, by which a separate constitution for Poland was solemnly stipulated-Nicholas, by a recent proclamation, or ukase, having declared Poland no longer a separate state, but only a part or province of the Russian empire. Both France and Britain appear to be alarmed at the overgrown and still increasing power of Russia, as well as at the arbitrary proceedings of its present emperor-The discussion in Parliament relative to the national Bank, was not closed at the date of the last advices. A proposition had been made, and seriously entertained, to send commissioners to the United States, to inquire into and report on the system of banking operations adopted in this country-The discoveries recently made in the interior of Africa, on the shores of the river Niger, by the Landers, brothers, have led to the fitting out of an expedition, consisting of one brig and two steam-boats, which, under the direction of the Landers, is to ascend the Niger, and to open communications, in behalf of the British, with the native tribes of Africa. The expedition left England on the 12th of July-The noted traveller, Sir John Carr, died in London, July 17th, aged sixty years-The Cholera, after having nearly vanished both from London and Dublin, had reappeared, and with fatal prevalence, in both those cities. A larger number of distinguished individuals had been made its victims, on the second visitation, than on the first. It is stated, however, that it had again greatly abated, and indeed, nearly disappeared, at the date of the last accounts.

A London paper of the 30th of July states confidently, that during the preceding week, the Duchess de Berri had been for two days in that city, and had then returned to Holyrood house.

There has lately been no diminution, but rather an increase of the disturbances in Ireland. The dissatisfaction chiefly arises from the demand of tythes; and we are persuaded it can never be put down or allayed, but by abolishing the whole tythe system. It is stated that at a popular meeting to protest against tythes at Kilkenny, there were present not less than two hundred thousand persons. Nearly the whole population within a circle of twenty miles, taking Kilkenny for a centre, was believed to be present. Four additional British regiments have lately been sent to Ireland to assist the civil authority to preserve order and execute the laws. But it would seem that the Roman Catholick population must either be exterminated, or the tythe system abolished, before peace and order can be permanently established.

FRANCE.-It appears that the insurrectionary movement which took place at the funeral of General Lamarque, has been entirely put down; yet the court of Cassation has decided that it was unconstitutional to try those who were arrested on that occasion by a court martial, and to this decision the king and his ministers have submitted. The Carlist party, more, we think, with a view to worry the government, than from any hope of success, still affect to attempt insurrection. Placards in favour of the exiled royal dynasty, were posted up in Paris, on the 15th of June-The national anniversary of the United States, was celebrated by the Americans in Paris on the 4th of July with a splendid entertainment. Mr. Morse, the distinguished American artist, presided on the occasion, with General Fayette on his right hand, and our minister, Mr. Rives, on his left-During part of the month of July, the heat in France is represented as having been greater than almost ever known before in that kingdom-The marriage contract between the princess Louisa, daughter of king Philip, and Leopold, king of Belgium, was signed at Paris on the 26th of July. The 7th of August was fixed for the marriage-Fears had been entertained that the anniversary celebration of the three great days, would be attended with disorders of a serious kind. The celebration, however, passed over without any thing unpleasant. The Moniteur, the governmental paper, gives the following account of the second day's rejoicings:-"PARIS, July 29th.-Yesterday morning, at 6 o'clock, salvos of artillery announced the celebration of the second day of the glorious anniversary of July. At mid-day, the population crowded towards the Champ de Mars, where the various amusements commenced,— horse-races, foot-races, gymnastic exercises, balloons, &c. The prizes decreed to the winners were given to them amidst the sound of trumpets and general acclamations. At the same hour, the jousts (games on the water) drew crowds to the Quai d'Orsay. The amusements prepared in the Champs Elysees, were as well arranged as they were varied. From mid-day till nightfall they occupied numerous assemblages at every point, among whom were many of the upper classes, who came to associate themselves with the entertainments of the populace. Besides the accustomed exercises, military pantomimes, and orchestras for dances, a square was formed, where 500 or 600 persons were listening to an excellent band, which formed one of the principal amusements of the festival. The grand square presented the aspect of a vast rural festival. Towards 5 o'clock there was a great movement among the populace, and an immense crowd proceeded towards the grand avenue. The King was perceived coming from the Etoile, and the games were instantly abandoned. His Majesty, on horseback, accompanied by the Princes, and followed by the Queen in a caleche, soon reached the centre of the avenue. The King advanced from the Etoile to the rondpoint of Champ Elysees, without being preceded by any one, crossing the people who pressed upon his passage amidst repeated cries of Vive le Roi!' At the point we mention, a picquet of cavalry was stationed, and two municipal guards having taken their posts in advance to open the way for the King, and clear the crowd, which increased at every step, the King perceiving the movement, cried out, Guards, fall back.' The acclamations now redoubled; people from all points pressed forward and shook hands with the King, and received from his own mouth the expressions of his gratitude for this eloquent expression of the public feeling. The Queen and Royal Family were the objects of similar acclamations, and it was in the midst of shouts of Vive le Roi! Vive la Reine! Vive la Famille Royale!' that the procession reached the Tuilleries. In the evening there was a beautiful illumination along the whole line of the Champs Elysees. The crowd was most numerous at this period, and the dances were kept up with great spirit. The most perfect order prevailed, and the people seemed every where actuated by a spirit of union and concord. Similar unanimity reigned at the amusements prepared at the Barriere du Trone-The cholera had diminished at Paris to 45 deaths a day, and had entirely disappeared at Rouen and Havre-The harvest in France is represented as having been abundant and excellent in a very uncommon degree-It may now be stated as an ascertained fact, that the Duke of Reichstadt, son of the Emperor Napoleon, died at Vienna of a consumption, on the 22d of July. His mother, it appears, was overwhelmed with grief.

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HOLLAND and BELGIUM.-The London Times thus speculates on the affairs of Belgium and Holland, and their bearing upon the rest of Europe:-" LONDON, July 30.The present aspect of affairs on the continent of Europe is calculated to revive the suspicion which most people felt as to the existence of some private understanding between Holland and Russia, and perhaps other of the five powers respecting the dispute with Belgium. When the king of Holland first declared his resolution not to abide by the award of them whom both Belgium and Holland had agreed upon as referees in their differences, many people thought him a fool or a madman, if not something worse. The something worse referred to a conspiracy against the peace and liberties of Europe, which present circumstances are by no means calculated to disprove. The game which Russia and Prussia are playing at this moment in Germany affords some clue-it may be an erroneous, but it is a plain one-to the game with which Hol land has been perplexing the whole civilized world. If, in the anxiety to recover Belgium, she has lent herself to any iniquitous project for establishing tyranny in other countries, the reward of her perfidy may be near at hand, notwithstanding the great military display appealed to by her Allies as the guarantee of their success. From Antwerp the news of this morning is satisfactory, as the danger of General Chass's threat to burn the city does not appear likely to be realized." At the Hague, from July 18 to 21, 55 cases of cholera, and 17 deaths. At Scheveninger, Holland, there had been 209 cases, 74 deaths. The cholera was extending its ravages at Brussels and Antwerp. In the latter place the citadel had been attacked; and three out of eleven Dutch gunboats had hoisted the yellow flag and removed at a distance from the others.

SPAIN. A letter from Madrid of the date of July 10th, says, "The whole court is in a state of anxiety in consequence of an indisposition of the king, the nature of which is concealed by the physicians. Our town is full of Carlists." It is affirmed in a French paper on the authority of private letters, that the Spanish provinces on the borders of Portugal are disposed to take part with Don Pedro, and that even the troops forming the army of observation manifest the same sentiments. They add that the cause of Don Miguel appears to be desperate, and that lodgings are prepared at Badajos for his reception.

PORTUGAL.-The London Courier of July 31st, gives the following extract of a letter from a commercial gentleman, dated Oporto, July 24th, 1832.

"I have only time to inform you that Don Pedro has gained a great victory at Va longa, after two days' hard fighting. Two thousand prisoners, all the artillery and camp equipage taken; the army of the enemy entirely dispersed. They were 10,000 strong. Our force only 7000. The enemy's loss in killed and wounded is immense. We have suffered also, but not severely.

"Yesterday, they attacked the whole south bank of the Douro, and kept up a constant fire all day; but we beat them off with the schooners and gun-boats. The whole of the regular army is at Valonga, and to-day advances on the road to Coimbra, to attack it, where they will no doubt be successful.

"The Portuguese regiments fight very bravely. Two regiments of cavalry, and two or three of infantry, are confidently reported to have deserted Miguel, and commenced their march up to join us.

"The Miguelite fleet was to have come out yesterday, but it appears they will not. Admiral Sartorius is blockading Lisbon, and we hear that two of the forts at the mouth of the Tagus are deserted. We have raised here about 3000 recruits and volunteers, who are now being trained. Stores, arms, and every thing are in abundance; and if this combined movement which is now about to take place prove successful, the cause is gained."

It appears that the expedition under Don Pedro, consisting of from 10 to 12,000 troops, Portuguese and English, debarked on the coast of Portugal, in the neighbourhood of Oporto, on the 7th of July, says one account, on the 9th says another. He met with no opposition in landing, and immediately marched for Oporto, from which Miguel's troops retired, and he entered the city without resistance. He immediately issued a proclamation, inviting the Portuguese of all ranks and characters to desert the usurper and join his army. He soon after commenced his march for the capital, and the sequel is stated in the foregoing extract of a letter written after the battle of Valonga. It appears that Don Pedro has a fleet of sufficient force to blockade Lisbon and Oporto, and the other ports on the coast-Probably we shall soon hear the result of the expedition; but it appears there have been "two days' hard fighting," and it is not improbable there will be more; nor do we consider the success of Don Pedro as certain, although we think it probable.-It is said that the Spanish envoy at Lisbon directs all Don Miguel's measures and movements; and that the English envoy watches him closely, to see that Spain does not violate her promised neutrality.

ROME.-The Pope has recently created nine new Cardinals-for what reason we are not told.

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GREECE.-The northern part of Greece is in a state of insurrection against the government of Prince Otho. He has been proclaimed as the sovereign of the country at Patras. But it appears that he is far from being acceptable to the people at large. It is rumoured that he is to marry a daughter of the Russian Emperor Nicholas; and it is feared that Russian influence is to govern the country.

RUSSIA, AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA, and the German States.-A Diet of the German empire has lately been held at Frankfort, the decisions of which have alarmed and aroused the whole population of the German States, especially those of Hanover, Bremen, Hesse Cassel, &c. It is believed that the decrees of this Diet have been influenced by the three great powers named at the beginning of this article-directly by the two latter, Eindirectly by the first mentioned. These powers, although jealous of each other, are mutually and greatly perplexed and filled with apprehension, by the prevalence of liberal principles, and they seem determined to attempt the suppression of them by military force, if it cannot be otherwise effected. The liberty of the press is most feared, and to control it is the first great object to be attempted. It would not surprise us if war should be the consequence, and the whole of the continental powers become engaged in the conflict. The following extract of a letter from Tubingen, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg, will give as good a general view of the subject as our limits will permit.

"The German Diet have arrogated to themselves the right of interfering_between the Princes of the Empire and their subjects. They do not believe that any Prince or Potentate has a right to grant to his people uncontrolled liberty of the press; they do not think people have a right to demand it; much less have the people a right to control the budget or the public expenses. The refusal to pay taxes is to be considered a revolutionary act, and troops are to be held in readiness to suppress any movement of the people in whatever part of the confederation it might take place. These are the principal resolutions of Austria and Prussia, to which all German Princes have unanimously acceded. Prussia has already begun to act. A great muster and encampment is to take place near Breslau in Silesia, and moveable columns of 12,000 troops are formed to strike a terror into any part of Germany that dares to brave the authority of the Diet. Since the publication of these resolutions, the aristocratic party have again raised their heads and become overbearing; but the liberals, or rather the ultra-liberals see in them the acknowledgment of their strength. The measures of the Diet and the interference of Austria and Prussia would be needless, if the different German Princes had, within themselves, the power of resisting the people. No government showed itself weaker, in this respect, than that of Bavaria. General Wrede was sent into the rebellious provinces on the Rhine. No sooner did he arrive than he proclaimed martial law, and quartered his troops upon citizens and peasants. But what did the people? They issued another proclamation, in which they exhorted their children, now in the } army of General Wrede, not to carry arms against their fellow citizens, threatening } them, in case of disobedience, with eternal banishment from home, and the curse of their fathers and mothers. They shall be considered as outlaws, that have dipped their hands into the blood of their brethren, unworthy to share the blessings of domestic life at the hearth of their fathers, in the country which gave them birth. These proclamations were rapidly circulated all over Germany, and such was the force of public opinion, that even the censors of Wirtemberg had not courage enough to prohibit them. The different Princes of Germany being thus made unable to suppress a rebellion with their own troops, have had recourse to the troops of Austria and Prussia. But who knows whether those of Prussia are to be relied upon? or whether the universal hatred and abomination in which Prussia is held throughout Germany, will not rouse people to action, and precipitate events, which it is not in the hands of any earthly power to prevent. The resolutions of the Diet have but too much resemblance to the ordinances of July!" It is said that to avoid the interdict of the Diet, German papers will be printed in France, and thence be sent into the German States. Great sympathy for the Poles is felt in many parts of Germany, and some fondly cherish the hope that they will yet become an independent people. There is much talk of forming the whole of the German States into one kingdom, that they may no longer be played off one against another, to the ultimate injury of the whole.

TURKEY.-It appears that the plague has broken out at Constantinople, and is likely to prove exceedingly fatal. Hitherto the Sultan's conflict with the Pacha of Egypt, has been uniformly disastrous. An article from Leghorn of July 19th, exhibits the following statement. "Accounts from Alexandria, of the 9th, continue favourable with regard to Mehemed Ali. All the chiefs of the inhabitants of Lebanon have declared for him. Only a few days previous to the date of the above letter, a son of one of the most powerful of these chiefs, who had hitherto been faithful to the Porte, arrived at Alexandria as a hostage for his father. The Sheriff of Mecca, who had likewise declared for Mehemed Ali, was also expected at Alexandria; it was reported among the people, that he would, as a spiritual prince, annul the interdiction pro

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