interests of mankind and create a cosmopolitan sentiment of friendliness; the rights of suffrage have been greatly extended, and the sovereignty of the majority has been conceded without depriving mi norities of just representation. Persecution in its grosser forms has ceased, and religious toleration, like sunshine, has melted the frosts of bigotry.

5. USE OF THE IDEAL.

'Utopia" his con

When Thomas More wrote "Utopia temporaries thought him a dreamer. He was not a dreamer, but a seer, and the vision he saw and pictured in words succeeding generations beheld materialized in beneficent institutions. Like an architect's drawing, the book furnished a working plan, by which political and social life in England built itself a new house. If More had not projected his speculative system on the imagination of readers, the reforms he desired might not so soon have been realized. Forever the conception of a better state leads men to practical endeavors to improve the existing condition of things. Said Fichte, "The actual must be judged by the ideal." Compelled to live among things as they are, man grows stronger and more helpful by drawing inspiration from things as they ought to be. The teacher who is content with things as they are, and does not see what might be and ought to be and labor for it always, is dead and ready for burial.

6. COMBINATIONS VS. INDIVIDUALS.

The present era of combinations does not indicate the final extinction of individual influence; it forecasts the approach of a day of universal concession to the natural rights of each and all. Individuals combine and organize class interests for the remote object of liberating the individual from class oppression. When the battles are won, the regiments will disband, and the privates will go each to his legitimate place. How happy that condition of society in which every person will count for what he is worth, and will estimate his fellows at their full value! Honor will go to whom honor is due, and blame will fall upon the wrong-doer. No man will be misplaced or without a place. Special aptitudes will be stimulated by generous emulation, and the diverse energies of the race will be utilized for the common good.

7. A COLLECTION OF MEN.

Practical men are aware that success in life depends upon a knowledge of human nature. The world is not unlike a menagerie, and the man of the world makes it a profit and a pleasure to see, not only the elephant, but all the living wonders on exhibition. Let us pass into the big tent and hear the lion roar, the hyena howl, the eagle scream, the magpie chatter, the donkey bray, and the fox bark. Having seen the typical animals, it will not be amiss

to enter the side-shows and look upon the monstrosities.

We make but one voyage on the Ship of Timewhy not become acquainted with our fellow-passengers? The excursion is free-who has more right on deck than yourself? He lives most who has most to do with mankind. The science of human nature is best learned by the study of representative men-good and bad. There are specialists who delight in collecting birds' eggs, or postage stamps, or buttons. Mark Twain made a collection of echoes, and he is not the only author who has done that. A collection of photographs is valuable, for it brings to the eye the image of men's faces; a library is better, for it gives portraits of men's minds; but, best of all, is a collection of men and women -a choice assortment of fine specimens gathered by observation, and classified in the glass-case of memory, for reference and instruction. Only in gathering such a noble cabinet, the student of human nature must not fail to carry with him what Goethe calls the Three Reverences; namely, reverence for that which is below us, for that which is around us, for that which is above.

8. EDUCATION OUT OF SCHOOL.

Teachers are the radical reformers of political and social abuses. They are the builders of permanent nations. But the education of schools is not the only education that life in a democratic state affords.

The citizen of a republic feels himself really a part of a majestic system, and is conscious that his own. life, liberty, and happiness are bound up in the bundle of the common destiny. Hence he learns to respect institutions more than rulers. He will criticise his senator, his judge, his priest; but he believes in law, justice, and religion, and will not permit these to be slighted. He fights for the Constitution. The Declaration of Independence is not a "glittering generality" to him. The school system, the press, the ballot-box-these he holds sacred. Nor does the existence of humbug, fraud, and corruption prove that sincerity, honesty, and purity are slumbering. The prevailing sentiment is right; the general conscience is true.

The free mingling of all elements, possible only in a democracy, tends not to level the mass down, but to level it up. Intelligence, morality- these are qualities that benefit all. It is good for the refined gentleman and for the rude laborer that they discuss together the questions of the day. When all classes become acquainted they agree better.

Just after the last presidential election, before the returns were in, and while the whole country was waiting with anxious excitement to learn who would be president, two little boys were observed on a by-street in Cincinnati, talking together earnestly. One was a colored lad, ragged and pathetically small; the other a sturdy white urchin, neatly dressed, and with the air of one born in a stone-front house. Said

the white boy to the dark, "What is the news?" "We sha'n't know anything for certain," was the reply, "until six o'clock."-"Sha'n't we? Then, Charley, meet me here at just six, for I want to know all about it!" The little "nigger" promised, and the two young Americans separated.

Here was an instance, sublimely simple, of the workings of democratic institutions; of the reaction of mind upon mind in the beginning place of votemaking. So long as Charley meets his brother baby at just six o'clock to inquire all about the state of politics, the republic will be safe. This is popular education.

9. THE OLD-FASHIONED ELOCUTIONIST.

The old-fashioned elocutionist culminated about the time of the civil war, and since then he has gradually lost public favor. The species has declined, though individuals of it are still to be seen rocketing in the oratorial sky.

In a stray volume of the Philadelphia Port Folio for the year 1815, we read that Mr. Ogilvie of South Carolina College had recently established "a new branch of education," which was no other than a course on oratory, and that he had "opened for himself a most splendid and useful career." The trustees of the college testified over their official signatures that there were none among Mr. Ogilvie's pupils "who could not recite with justness and intelligence;