3. In English we commonly use the verbal with from after verbs that denote hindering, &c. ; as, 'The lord hinders the boy from throwing stones.' In Latin, the subjunctive is used with quin or quominus (these words are the same, each meaning 'by which not '): as, Dominus puerum prohibet, quominus lapides conjiciat, The lord hinders the boy by which means he may not throw stones.'

Observe that the accusative is used after prohibet only when the object is actually hindered. The lord hinders the boy; therefore puerum is the accusative. But in the sentence 'The lord hinders the boy from being killed,' the lord does not hinder the boy, but the killer; therefore the Latin is, Dominus prohibet quin puer interficiatur.

4. If the verb is Transitive, the Ablative Absolute construction is equally used; but this is not possible, if the verb is Intransitive. The use of quum with the Pluperfect Subjunctive seems merely a matter of custom. Ut, ubi, and postquam in exactly the same sense; that is, meaning 'when' or 'after that' with no idea of dependence; are followed by the Perfect Indicative.

S. a. The Subjunctive, being used for non-statement (B. a), is also used to weaken a statement by way of courtesy: as,

Velim te discedere.

I could wish you to depart.

Haud facile dixerim hoc esse melius.

I would not readily say that this is better.

b. When there is a Comparative in the sentence which marks the Purpose (B. c), the conjunction quo is preferred

to ut: as,

Dominus celeriter ambulat, quo magis esuriat.

The lord walks quickly, that he may be the more hungry.

c. After verbs which denote fearing (B. d), the future tense is not used, as in English; and ne is used with an affirmative, ut with a negative sentence (Steps XXIII. 22): as, Vereor ne puer veniat.

I fear that the boy will come.

Vereor ut puer veniat.

I fear that the boy will not come.

T. a. Though verbs which denote advising, persuading, &c. (B. d), are commonly followed by the Subjunctive when the action is not spoken of as taking place, they are followed

by the Infinitive when the action is spoken of as taking place: as,

Galba militibus persuasit ut abirent.

Galba persuaded the soldiers to depart.

Galba militibus nihil prædæ esse persuasit.

Galba persuaded the soldiers that there was no booty.

b. Though verbs which denote permitting and forbidding, &c., prefer the Subjunctive (B. d, e), they may also be followed, as we have seen (XX. D. b. C) by the Accusative and Infinitive, without any difference of meaning as

Sine eamus; or, Sine nos ire.

Permit us to go.

When thus followed by the Subjunctive, ut is often omitted.

V. The following uses with sum and similar verbs are to be noticed.

a. Non ego is sum qui mortis periculo terrear.

I am not the man to be terrified by the danger of death.

b. Galli pro eo, ut ipsi ex alieno agro raperent agerentque, suas terras sedem belli esse viderunt.

The Gauls saw that, instead of themselves plundering the land of others, their own lands were the seat of war.

c. Infirmior sum quam ut tantos labores sustineam.

I am too weak to undertake such toils.

d. Minimum abfuit quin legati occiderentur.

The ambassadors were very near being killed.

e. Tantum abest, ut nostra miremur, ut nobis ipse non satisfaciat Demosthenes.

So far are we from admiring our own productions, that Demosthenes himself does not satisfy us.

f. Restat ut pauca dicam de senectute.

I remains that I say a few words on old age.

g. Sunt qui putent te errare.

There are some who think that you are mistaken.

h. Est ut puer ægrotet.

It happens that the boy is ill.

CHAPTER XXV.

CONJUNCTIONS.

A. Some Conjunctions are said to be followed by the Indicative, some by the Subjunctive mood, some by both; and it is not always easy to decide which mood should be used but the difference seems to depend for the most part on the difference between the Moods, as explained in the last Chapter. It may be re-stated thus:-

B. If the Conjunction introduce an action which is spoken of as really taking place, it is followed by the Indicative mood: as,

Dum dominus dormiebat, medicus venit.

While the lord was sleeping, the doctor came.

Under this head come the Conjunction adjective qui, and the adverbs quod, quia, 'because,' quoties, 'as often as,' quamquam, etsi, although,' &c.

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But the following exceptions must be noted. The Secondary Subjunctive is used (XXIV. C),

a. When the Conjunction introduces a Result: as,

Dominus adeo celeriter cucurrit ut esuriret.
The lord ran so fast that he was hungry.

b. When the Conjunction quum or qui introduces a Reason for the main action, and may be translated ‘since': as, Quum dominus ægrotaret, medicus venit. Since the lord was ill, the doctor came.

Dominus, qui a suis amari vellet, negare nolebat.

The lord, since he wished to be loved by his friends, was unwilling to say No.

c. When the Conjunction quum or qui introduces a Reason against the main action, and may be translated 'though': as,

Quum dominus non ægrotaret, medicus venit.
Though the lord was not ill, the doctor came.

Dominus culpam vertit in collegam, qui certe non deliquisset.

The lord threw the blame on his colleague, though he certainly had committed no fault.

d. The Subjunctive has got so attached by custom to the conjunction quum, that it is used with it, if the action be ever so slightly connected with the main action; especially in the Pluperfect tense, where it is used to describe the succession of events in historic narrative: as,

Dominus, quum domum redisset, morbo affectus est.
The lord, having returned home, was taken ill.

a. But if the two actions are quite unconnected and simply contemporaneous, the Indicative will be used with

quum: as,

Quum puer dormiebat, medicus venit.

At a time when the boy was sleeping, the doctor came.

e. The Subjunctive, as we have seen, has come, in its Secondary use, to denote dependence on, or connexion with, the main action, even though the verb denotes an action which is spoken of as really taking place. Hence with qui and quum, which merely meanwhich' and 'at which time,' the Subjunctive is necessary to show the dependence or connexion: whereas with quia or quod, which mean ‘because,' and etsi or quamquam, which mean 'although,' the connexion is shown by the Conjunction ; and therefore the Subjunctive is not necessary, but the Indicative is used. Quoniam, compounded of quum and jam, sometimes follows the use of quum, and takes the Subjunctive; but prefers the Indicative, as itself meaning ‘since.'

C. If on the other hand the Conjunction introduces an action which is not spoken of as really taking place, it is followed by the Subjunctive mood: as,

Dominus ambulat ut esuriat.

The lord walks that he may be hungry.

Oderint, dum metuant.

Let them hate, provided that they fear.

Under this head come qui, 'which,' dum, dummodo, or modo, 'provided that,' ut, 'in order that,' quasi, tamquam, ‘as if,' quamvis, although,' &c.

a. Under this head too comes the use of the Subjunctive with any Conjunction whatever, when the writer does not give the action as a statement of his own, but as put forward by some other person: for, though the action may take place, the writer does not speak of it himself as taking place: as,

Medicus puerum accusat, quod non dicto pareat.

The doctor rates the boy because (as the doctor says) he does not obey orders.

Hence too the Subjunctive in Indirect Statements and Questions, because the writer is not himself responsible for the statement or question (XXIV. B. f, g).

b. But the following Exception must be noted.

The Conjunction si, 'if,' and its compounds, may be followed by the Indicative, though they introduce mere supposition, when the writer; either intentionally, because he thinks the supposition very probable; or from a natural decisiveness of character, brings forward the supposition decidedly, and as if it were a statement: as,

Si id dicis, erras.

If you say that, you are mistaken. You say that, do you? Well,

you are mistaken.

On the other hand, a pedantic or a timid person, or any one wishing to put the matter not decidedly, but softly and courteously, would keep the Subjunctive: as,

Si id dicas, erres.

If you were to say that, you would be mistaken.

D. Questions may be single or double, and each may be put both Directly and Indirectly. The following Examples show the way with each.

a. Single Direct Questions.

Vinum bibis?

Vinumne bibis?
Num vinum bibis?

Do you drink wine?