vain. The rulers of Spain stipulate with those of England to pay them a sum of money. They fail in their engagement. The sentence of war is declared-the ships of England sail not to Spain to punish those rulers who have done the wrong, but across the ocean to the isthmus of Panama, to demolish a city whose inhabitants knew nothing of the debt-and had not the power to compel its payment. Some British ships impress our sailors on the high seas;-are those who have done the wrong, or those rulers who sanctioned it, punished? No-all Britons become our enemies the inhabitants on the borders of our north-western frontier, before dwelling in peace, are suddenly converted into foes-all Englishmen, in the eye of the law of war, are guilty, and many a poor sailer who even knew nothing of the wrong-torn from his family and dragged from his home-suffers the infliction of the bloody sentence. And then comes the triumph of victory. Did ever a nation exult and shout over the execution of a felon 3-The rulers of France refuse to fulfil their engagements with those of the United States—all Frenchmen are denounced as a vain and faithless race-blood, in torrents, must atone for the broken faith-but no matter, it is the blood—of the guilty? no, but of Frenchmen.

But I expect at least to see the executioners of the sentence come off unhurt-I watch them as they proceed to discharge their dreadful duty—but soon I am unable to distinguish between the officers of the law and the culprits-I see them mingled in hot encounter-falling fast by each other's hands-and often those who claim to have suffered wrong coming from the execution of the sentence bearing wrongs and outrage accumulated a thousand fold. Their law, whose sentence they attempted to execute, lies trampled under foot of exulting felons! Is this a system of discrimination, like that of the penal law? Is this a mode of vindicating right? I no where perceive the analogy. I listen in vain to hear that legal and Christian maxim, better that ten guilty should escape than that one innocent man should suffer. I see ten thousand innocent men suffering for one guilty. I hear that precept of the gospel,

better to suffer wrong than to do wrong, reversed. I hear it proclaimed aloud, better to do wrong than to suffer wrong. Wrong must be punished by outrage.

The system of war, as a mode of vindicating right, is a system of indiscrimiating violence. Its horrors are not incidental to the penalty--but a part of the penalty itself. This it is which makes it unlike the system of penal law-this it is which makes it a barbarous system-this it is which makes it an unchristian system-this it is which makes it a great and a heinous sin against God—this it is which should arouse all Christians and all good men to labor and pray-that it may be done away from under the whole heaven.

ARTICLE III.

REVIEW OF UPHAM'S MANUAL OF PEACE.

The Manual of Peace, embracing, 1st. Evils and Remedies of War; 2d. Suggestions on the Law of Nations; 3d. Consideration of a Congress of Nations, by Thomas C. Upham, Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy in Bowdoin College. New-York: Leavitt, Lord §• Co. 1836. pp. 408, 8vo.

Professor Upham has for several years been known as a decided and able advocate of the cause of peace. His attention was first called to the subject, as he informs us in his preface to the present work, by the labors of a gentleman, who, for nearly sixteen years, has not ceased to devote his mind and his substance to the object of promoting peace. It scarcely need be said, that we refer to Mr. William Ladd. The seed sown by him has sometimes fallen on good ground; and sprung up, and is now producing its fruit.

The work of Professor Upham exhibits evidence that he has a mind richly stored with knowledge, and warm with the zeal

of philanthropy. Many a page of it glows with the ardor which such a subject, in such a mind, is calculated to enkindle. The style is that of a writer who is in earnest; it is spirited, interesting, we may even say, fascinating. The work, in size, form and appearance, is, so far as we know, altogether more respectable than any other work on the subject which has been issued from the press. The name and station of the author will naturally attract attention to it, and cause it to be read. Although it is but a few months since the first edition was published, we are informed the copies are all sold.

The first part of the work is occupied with the statements and views of the author in regard to the Evils and Remedies of War. The object of the author, in his statement of the evils of war, seems to be to excite attention to the subject, and lead men to inquire into the necessity of their existence. Many of our readers may not have opportunity to read the work, we shall therefore give, as we proceed, some extracts as specimens of the whole. The author first notices some of the most prominent objects which appear on the field of battle, and then speaks of the immediate result:

"After a while the smoke rolls slowly away; and, in the light of the glaring and sickly sun, we behold the whole plain covered with human bodies; multitudes of them dead, and others in a state of intense suffering from their wounds. And if we undertake to count them, the enumeration only increases that overwhelming sensation, which the mere glance had tended to inspire. On the field of Austerlitz twenty thousand; on the field of Bautzen twenty-five thousand; at Dresden thirty thousand; at Waterloo forty thousand; at Eylau fifty thousand; at Borodino eighty thousand.

"We do not go back to the dreadful scenes of antiquity, to the days of the Alexanders, and the Hannibals, and the Caesars, to the battle fields of Cannæ and Phillippi; but look merely at what has taken place in our own days, and as it were under our own eyes; and what renders it still more surprising, amid the light of civili zation and under the blaze of the Gospel. As we cast our eyes over the field of battle, covered with such a multitude of dead and wounded persons, we cannot but be filled with astonishment and horror; especially when we remember, that the combatants are all the dependent and favored children of that great Being, who not only made them, but required them to love one another. Certain

it is, that the spectator, as he looks upon the field of battle, has emotions of unmingled surprise and consternation; he feels that a dreadful crime has been committed, the guilt of which rests somewhere; he is stunned and amazed, and hardly knows what character to attach to man, who can permit himself to be engaged in such transactions; and yet it cannot be doubted that the effect of the scene which is before him, is lessened by its own dimensions, is diminished by its very vastness. The man, who is thinking of the sufferings of forty or fifty thousands, can have no very distinct conceptions of the sufferings of a particular individual in that vast number. If he could take a full and distinct view of the sufferings of each one in that great multitude; if he couid see the tears and the agonies in each particular case; and by some process of intellectual and sentient arithmetic could bring them all into one sum, and place them all before the mind at once, what a vast amount! what unparalleled wretchedness! with what torture would it fill the soul! But this cannot be; the structure of the human mind is such as not to admit of it. And it is for this reason, that we will turn away a moment from the contemplation of the scene in its totality, in its mere general features, for the purpose of seeing it in its parts, its fragments, its particular instances.

"There was a certain Captain Cooke in the British army at the battle of New Orleans, who has recently given to the public some interesting incidents, which took place under his own eye in that memorable engagement. And it is incidents, the facts in which individuals are concerned, the insulated details of a battle, and not the whole, assimilated and contemplated in one broad mass, which is to give us the precisely true conception of the miseries which are endured on such occasions. On the morning of the eighth of January, the officer above referred to saw three companies of soldiers, about two hundred and forty in number, advancing on the high road to New Orleans, for the purpose of attacking what was called the crescent battery. Among other persons he saw lieutenant Duncan Campbell, with whom he seems to have been par. ticularly acquainted, and asked him where he was going. The lieutenant replied, that he did not know. Then, said Captain Cooke, you have got into what I call a good thing; the far famed American battery is in front at a short range; and on the left this spot is flanked at eight hundred yards by their batteries on the opposite side of the river.' At this piece of information the lieutenant laughed heartily. Captain Cooke advised him to take off his blue pelisse coat, in order to be like the rest of the men; but he promptly refused, uttering at the same time some expressions of defiance against the Americans; and having embraced the cap. tain, went onward. He was a young officer of twenty years of age, of a fine personal appearance, and had fought in many bloody encounters in France and Spain. But what was the fate, which war had reserved for one so young, so interesting in appearance,

and towards whom, undoubtedly, the affections of many friends in a distant land were fondly directed! Near the close of the battle, lieutenant Duncan Campbell, says the writer, 'was seen to our left running about in circles, first staggering one way, then another, and at length he fell on the sod helplessly upon his face, and again tumbled, and when he was picked up, he was found to be blind from the effects of grape shot, that had torn open his forehead, given him a slight wound in the leg, and had also ripped the scabbard from his side, and knocked the cap from his head. While being borne insensible to the rear, he still clenched the hilt of his sword with a convulsive grasp, the blade thereof being broken off close at the hilt with grape shot, and in a state of delirium and suf. fering he lived for a few days.' Here is an incident which may be called a common one; he died much as any other soldier on the field of battle may be supposed to die; but this is the cause of the difference in our feelings; we single him out from the rest of the multitude; we do not mingle and confound and lose sight of his suffering, in the vague and indefinite idea of suffering in the mass; and while we are too often unmoved, in consequence of our ina bility to combine a particular and a general view, by the general statement of thousands having suffered, we at once exclaim, when our eye is fixed on a single case like the one before us, what a shocking death is this! What barbarity there is in war! What insanity in men, that they should butcher and tear to pieces one another!

"For five hours, (continues the narrative of this officer,) the enemy plied us with grape and round shot; some of the wounded, lying in the mud or on the wet grass, managed to crawl away, but every now and then some unfortunate man was lifted off the ground by round shot, and lay killed or mangled. During the tedious hours we remained in front, it was necessary to lie on the ground to cover ourselves from the projectiles. An officer of our regiment was in a reclining posture, when grape-shot passed through both his knees; at first he sunk back faintly; but at length opening his eyes and looking at his wounds, he said, 'Carry me away, I am chilled to death; and as he was hoisted on men's shoulders, more round and grape shot passed his head. Taking off his cap, he waved it; and after many narrow escapes, got out of range, suffered amputation of both legs, but died of his wounds on board ship, after enduring all the pain of the surgical operation, and passing down the lake in an open boat."

There was an individual present at the naval battle of Trafalgar, who relates some things that came under his personal notice. From the account abridged and prepared for the second volume of the Har binger of Peace, we make the following extract:- Now that the conflict was over, our kindred feelings resumed their sway. Eager inquiries were expressed, and earnest congratulations exchanged at this moment. The officers came to make their report to the cap