The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages

He goes to Rome and attracts the notice of
Člement VII.

His friendship with the humanists in Rome

1526 He is recalled to his home by his father

1531 He returns to Rome and is received by Cardinal A.

Farnese

The death of his father; his care for his family

1534 His return to Rome. Cardinal Farnese, now Paul

III., entrusts him with the education of his

nephew Alessandro

He begins to take an important part in the affairs

of state

1539 He is created Cardinal, and accompanies Farnese on
his legation to Charles V. and Francis I.

16

21

1 Unpublished documents are marked by an asterisk (*); documents to

be published in the Acta Pontificum Romanorum "

His outspoken opinion as to the cause of the religious
decay

His piety, and his care for the dioceses entrusted to

him

His zeal and humility

1541 He accompanies the Pope to Lucca to meet the

Emperor

1545 Cervini becomes legate at the Council of Trent

His zeal in fulfilling this office

He is unmoved by the bribes and threats of

Charles V. .

1552 Cervini and Julius III. His work on the reform
commission and the Inquisition

His love for learning; he becomes custodian of the

Vatican Library

His great work for the " Vaticana "

His encouragement of youthful talent.

His strict manner of life.

Joyful anticipations caused by his election

CHAPTER II.

THE PONTIFICATE OF MARCELLUS II.

1555 The election is hailed with joy on every side.

But especially by the party of reform .

The testimony of Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga

Marcellus at once shows himself the champion of

reform

Curtailment of the coronation festivities

His intention of avoiding all outward pomp.

He exercises the greatest care in dealing with

petitions

His advice to the Cardinals

Regulations for his household .

He determines to publish the reform decrees of

Julius III.

The ceremonies of Holy Week, Church music.

Marcellus II. and his relations.

His strict impartiality in this matter

Strict administration of justice

Rigid economy in the expenditure.

The Pope's exhortation to the princes to make peace

He begs them to assist him in his efforts for reform.

Depression in the Curia at the Pope's strictness

His intention of again summoning the Council

Marcellus II. and the Society of Jesus.

The Pope's health causes anxiety

But he refuses to spare himself, and takes part in

the long ceremonies of Holy Week

He continues to carry on the duties of his office

A.D.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

ix

On April 29th he grants audiences all day; the next
day he has a stroke of apoplexy

And dies on May Ist

Paralysing effect upon his contemporaries

The sorrow of Charles V. His simple burial

The place of Marcellus II. in the history of Catholic

ELECTION OF PAUL IV.—HIS CHARACTER AND PROJECTS.

-THE CARAFA.

1555 The Cardinals go into conclave (May 15th)
The parties in the conclave. Cardinal d'Este
The candidature of Cardinal Pole

Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa

The Imperialist Cardinals divided. The action of

The candidature of Cardinal Puteo

The election of Carafa by adoration (May 23rd)

Personal appearance of the new Pope.

His arrangement of his day; strict observance of the
fasts.

Irregularity of his hours; his quick temper
His exalted idea of the Papal dignity

This most noticeable in his attitude towards the
secular princes

His volcanic nature; his violent language and ges-
tures

Magnificent display at his coronation.

His conviction that he had been chosen by God to
restore the Church to her old position

His mediæval idea of the Papal authority over the

secular princes

nation over Italy

His mistrust of Charles V.

He determines to liberate Italy from the Spanish

power

His intolerance of foreigners in Italy

He fails to realize the difficulties of his undertaking.

And, politically speaking, lives in a world of phantasy

His first care, however, is the cause of reform

A.D.

The promotion of Carlo Carafa to the cardinalate
The tragedy of the appointment of this unprincipled

man

Reasons which led to the promotion of Carafa

The nephew's control of political affairs

His secretaries and confidants.

Other court secretaries and officials

Carafa's influence with his uncle

His sagacity and self-assurance

The Pope's entire confidence in his nephew

88

Who all the time was working for his own ends

89

CHAPTER IV.

COMMENCEMENT OF THE STRUGGLE OF PAUL IV. AGAINST THE

SUPREMACY OF SPAIN.

1555 The Pope at once takes steps for reform

And appoints a commission of five Cardinals

But his good intentions are soon overwhelmed by

his ill-will against the Spaniards

The Sforza seize two French galleys.

Protest of the French ambassador; the Pope's

indignation

He takes action against the Sforza.

The Imperialists in Rome hold a meeting of protest

This only increases the Pope's anger

The Pope takes action against the Colonna and

Orsini

100

Carafa sends a secret mission to France and Ferrara

Annibale Rucellai at the French court

Paul IV. informs the Cardinals that he has resolved

on war

104

His speech to the ambassadors of England, Venice
and Portugal .

And adheres to his determination in spite of all

protests

105

106

Terms of the agreement with the French king
The Romans offer a body-guard to the Pope
The anti-Hapsburg feelings of Paul IV. increased

1556 The Count of Montorio appointed Captain-General

A draft of an alliance with Henry II. is signed by

the Pope

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The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages ..., Volume 14