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in the interior of their edifices for the purpose of catening spiders, on which they fed, under the names of Ascalabotes and Galeotes. That the Stello of Pliny was no other than a Gecko, Schneider has shown.

Linnæus placed the Geckos under his great genus Lacerta, and recorded but three species (1766).

Laurenti (1768) seems to have been the first modern who established the Geckos as a genus. Gmelin (1789-13th edit. of Syst. Nat.) introduced a section in the genus Lacerta, consisting of five species, under the name of Gekkones, and the term Gecko was used as a generic appellation for these Saurians by Lacépède (1790), Schneider (1797), Cuvier (1798), and Brongniart (1801).

Daudin (1803) divided the genus Gecko into three sections, taking for the basis of his division the number and connexion of the toes, the form of the tail, and the disposition of the scales. These sections consisted of the Geckos properly so called, the Geckottes, and the Geckos with a flat tail. M. Duméril, who has written so much and so well on this subject, and to whose writings we are so much indebted, states that in 1806 he profited by the foregoing works, and established in the Zoologie Analytique and in his public lectures the genus Uroplatus (1806), and he says that Oppel, in his Prodromus (1811), established the family Geckotida after his (Duméril's) indications. M. Duméril, who established also the genus Urotornus, adopts in great measure the system of Cuvier, and separates the Geckotide into two great divisions, each embracing subdivisions. These divisions take the structure of the toes for their basis; the first consisting of those Geckotidae which have dila toes; the second of those whose toes are not dilated. 1 subdivisions depend upon the variation in the structure of the lower part of the toes. The genera areAscalabotes, Platydactylus, Hemidactylus, Ptyodactylus, Thecadactylus, Stenodactylus, and Gymnodactylus (1836). Cuvier (1817-1829) placed these Saurians under his great genus Gecko, which he divided into the following subgenera :-Platydactylus, Hemidactylus, Thecadactylus, Ptyodactylus, Sphæriodactylus; at the same time arranging those Geckos which have retractile claws, but slender or rather not enarged toes, in three groups, under the names of Stenodactylus, Gymnodactylus, and Phyllura, the latter embracing those with a horizontally-flattened, foliated tail.

Merrem (1820) places the Geckos in the 1st tribe (Gradientia) of the class Pholidoti. The sub-tribe Ascalabotes,

according to him, embraces the Iguanida, as well as Geckos.

M. Latreille (1801-1825) seems to have adopted the views and descriptions of Lacépède in the first instance, and rot to have gone much beyond a change of nomenclature in the last work published by him.

M. Fitzinger (1826) makes his Ascalabotöids consist of the genera Sarrubus, Uroplatus, Ptyodactylus, Hemidactylus, Thecadactylus, Ptychozöon, Platydactylus, Ascalabotes. Stenodactylus, and Phyllurus. Mr. Gray (1827-1834) arranges the following genera under the family Geckotida:-Hemidactylus, Playdacty lus, Gecko, Pteropleura, Thecadactylus, Plyodactylus, Phyllurus, Eublepharis, Cyrtodactylus, Phyllod actylus Diplodactylus (vol. ix., p. 11), and Gehyra.

Wagler (1830), under the family name of Platyglossi, makes the Geckotidæ consist of the following genera:Ptychozöon (Kuhl), Crossurus (Wagler-Uroplatus of Duméril in part), Rhacöessa (Wagler-one of Duméril's Uroplati). Thecadactylus (Cuvier), Platydactylus (Cuvier), Anoplopus (Wagler), Hemidactylus (Cuvier), Ptyodactylus (Cuvier), Sphæriodactylus (Cuvier), Ascalabotes (Lichtenstein), Eublepharis (Gray), Gonyodactylus (Kuhl), and Gymnodactylus (Spix).

Dr. Cocteau (1835) arranges the Geckos in six divisions. 1, Platydactylus, containing five subdivisions, represented in part by Anoplopus of Wagler, Phelsuma (Cocteau), Pachydactylus (Wiegmann), Ptychozöon (Kuhl), and Pteropleura (Gray); with others resting principally upon the absence or presence of pores before the cloaca, and the development of the claws; 2, those Geckos which correspond to Thecadactylus of Cuvier; 3, Hemidactylus; 4, comprehending Ptyodactylus (Uroplatus, Dumeril, Rhacöessa, Wagler, Crossurus, Wagler); 5, Sphæriodactylus, comprehending Diplodactylus, Gray, and Phyllodactylus, Gray; 6, Stenodactylus, (Eublepharis, Gonyodactylus, Gymnodactylus, Cyrtodactylus, Pristurus, Phyllurus). M. de Blainville ('Nouvelles Annales du Muséum,' April, 1836) places the family of Geckos at the head of the family of Saurophians. The species forming the genus Platydactylus of Cuvier he designates as Geckos; those ranging under Hemidactylus as Demi-Geckos; the Ptyodactyli as Tiers-Geckos; the Stenodactyli as Quart-Geckos; and the Gymnodactyli as Sub-Geckos.

The following cuts will convey an idea of the form o some of the Geckotidæ :

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The student who wishes to follow out the natural history of this family of Saurians should consult the works of Aldrovandi, Aristotle, Bonaparte (Prince of Musignano), Brongniart, Creveldt, Cuvier, Duméril, Edwards, Eichvald, Feuillée, Flacourt, Geoffroy, Gesner, Gmelin, Gray, Hermann, Houttuyn, Knorr, Kuhl, Lacépède, Latreille, Lesson, Lichtenstein, Linnæus, the Prince of Neuwied, Oppel, Osbeck, Pallas, Perrault, Pisa, Pliny, Rafinesque, Risso, Rüppel, Ruysch, Schneider, Schinz, Seba, Sparmann, Spix, Tilesius, Wagler, White, Wiegmann, and Wormius.

GEDDES, ALEXANDER, LL.D., was born at Arradowl, in the parish of Ruthven and county of Banff, in Scotland, in A.D. 1737. His parents, who were in humble circumstances, were enabled, by the kindness of the laird of the village, to give their son a respectable education. After spending seven years at Scalan, a Roman Catholic seminary in the Highlands, he was removed at the age of twenty-one to the Scotch college in Paris, where he diligently studied theology, and made himself master of most of the modern European languages. On his return to Scotland he resided for some time in the house of the Earl of Traquaire ; and, after paying another visit to Paris, he accepted, in 1769, the charge of a Catholic congregation at Auchinhalrig in the county of Banff, where he remained for ten years, beloved by his people, and attentive to the duties of his station. He had resolved-in the early vears of his life to make a new

translation of the Bible into the English language, for the use of the Roman Catholics; but pecuniary difficulties prevented him during his residence at Auchinhalrig from obtaining the necessary books. On his removal to London, in 1779, he was introduced to Lord Petre, who warmly approved of his purpose, and engaged to allow him 2007. ayear for his life, and to procure for him all the works that he considered requisite. Thus encouraged he published, in 1780, a pamphlet under the title of an Idea of a new version of the Holy Bible, for the use of the English Catholics,' in which he proposed to make the Vulgate the basis of his new translation. This plan being afterwards abandoned, he resolved to make an entirely new translation from the Hebrew and Greek; for if he had adopted the former methoa, he stated that he must have been perpetually confronting the Vulgate with the originals, and very often correcting it by them; or presented his readers with a very unfair and imperfect representation of the sacred text.' In accomplishing this work, his first object was directed to obtaining an accurate text, and no labour was spared by this indefatigable scholar to render the translation as complete as possible. He consulted the most eminent biblical scholars of the day, among whom were Dr. Kennicott, and Dr. Lowth. the bishop of London, who assisted him with their advice. The prospectus, which contained an account of his plan, was published in 1786; this was soon followed by a letter to the

bishop of London, containing 'Queries, doubts, and difficul- the latter of whom observed that Dr. Geddes was the on.y ties, relative to a vernacular version of the Holy Scriptures,' individual by whose opinion he would consent to be judged. by a specimen of the work, and by a General Answer to the In addition to his translation, Dr. Geddes published many queries, counsels, and criticisms' which his prospectus and other works, most of which had only a temporary interest, specimens had called forth. It was not however till 1792 as they were written on the politics of the day, or on some that the first volume of the translation was published under theological or literary dispute which has long since been setthe title of The Holy Bible, or the Books accounted sacred tled. A complete catalogue of them is given in the beginby the Jews and Christians, otherwise called the Books of ning of Dr. Mason Good's Memoirs of the Life and Writthe Old and New Covenants, faithfully translated from cor-ings of the Rev. Alexander Geddes, LL.D.,' published in rected texts of the originals, with various readings, explana- 1803. (See Graves on the Pentateuch, and the 4th, 14th, tory notes, and critical remarks; the second, which con- 19th, and 20th volumes of the British Critic, old series, for tained the translation to the end of the historical books, ap- a review of his theological opinions.) peared in 1793; and the third, which contained his critical remarks upon the Pentateuch, in 1800. The remainder of the work was never finished; he was employed at the time of his death on a translation of the Psalms, which he had finished as far as the 118th Psalm, and which was published in 1807. He died at London on the 26th of February, 1802, in the 65th year of his age.

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In his translation and commentary Dr. Geddes maintained opinions very similar to those held by that class of divines in Germany denominated Rationalist, and of whom Eichhorn and Paulus were the most celebrated in his day. He considered the writers of the Scriptures to have had the same degree of inspiration which has been granted to good men in all ages, and which, according to the common meaning attached to the word inspiration, amounts to none at all. He disbelieved the divine mission of Moses, and asserted that Moses only did what all other antient legislators had done, required a greater or less degree of implicit obedience to their respective laws, and for that purpose feigned an intercourse with the Deity to make that obedience more palatable to the credulous multitude.' He rejected the various miracles ascribed to him, or laboured to reduce them to the standard of natural phenomena. He explains the account of the creation in the book of Genesis ' as a most beautiful mythos or philosophical fiction, contrived with great wisdom, and dressed up in the garb of real history. These and similar opinions exposed the author to severe censure; and charges of infidelity and of a desire to undermine the authority of the Scriptures were widely circulated against him. His own church was the first to condemn him; a pastoral letter, signed by three out of four of the apostolical vicars of England, for bad the faithful from reading his translation; and Dr. Geddes himself was soon afterwards deposed by the apostolical vicar of the London district from the exercise of his duties as a priest. We cannot be surprised at this, for though he professed himself a member of the Catholic Church, he disclaimed all papal authority, and was strongly opposed to many of the tenets of that church. His heterodox opinions on these subjects had occasioned a similar suspension from his office when he officiated as priest at Auchinhalrig. To vindicate his character Dr. Geddes published an Address to the public on the publication of the first volume of his new translation of the Bible,' in which he repelled the charge of infidelity, and asserted, I willingly confess myself a sincere though unworthy disciple of Christ; Christian is my name, and Catholic my surname-rather than renounce these titles I would shed my blood.' We have no reason for doubting the truth of this declaration; his whole life showed that he was a diligent inquirer after truth. Though we may consider the opinions of Dr. Geddes as detrimental to the authority of the Scriptures, we have no reason on that account for charging him with infidelity, since he believed that his interpretation of the Scriptures tended to place Christianity on a firmer basis, and that those were the enemies of religion who seek to support her on rotten props, which moulder away at the first touch of reason, and leave the fabric in the dust. His translation is well described by Dr. Mason Good (Life of Geddes, p. 358) to be, for the most part, plain and perspicuous, conveying the sense of the original in its native simplicity. But his language is occasionally unequal, and strongly partakes of the alternations of his own physical constitution; in consequence of which, in the midst of a passage most exquisitely rendered in the main, we are at times surprised with scholastic and extraneous expressions, or disgusted with intolerable vulgarisms.' It cannot be denied that his work was a valuable help to the science of biblical criticism in this country, and it must have been a source of consolation to him, in the midst of the virulence with which he was assailed in England, to know that such men as Paulus and Eichhorn appreciated his labours;

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GEDIKE, FRIEDRICH, was born at Boberow, near Lenzen in Brandenburg in the year 1754. The death of his father, when he was but nine years old, plunged him in great distress, and he was taken to the Orphan Asylum at Züllichau. Dr. Steinbart, who was director of the public institutions for instruction in this place, educated him seven years at the Asylum. In 1766 Steinbart founded a school of his own, where Gedike became a pupil, and here talents which had hitherto lain dormant began to manifest themselves. He went to the university at Frankfort in 1771, and studied under Töllner. On the death of Töllner, Steinbart, who succeeded him, once more became his instructor. In 1775 Spalding appointed Gedike private teacher to his two sons, and in 1776 he was made subrector of the Friedrichwerder Gymnasium at Berlin, of which in a few years he became director. He now showed himself to be one of the most eminent teachers in Germany. Indefatigable in devising new methods of instruction, and constantly aiming at improvements, he animated both pupils and tutors, and raised the almost sinking establishment to a high eminence. He became in 1795 director of the Berlin Gymnasium, having previously received the degree of doctor of theology. He died in 1803.

The works of Gedike are chiefly school-books and works on education, but he also published an edition of the 'Philoctetes' of Sophocles, and of select dialogues from Plato, as well as some translations of Pindar, which are mentioned with respect.

GEERTRUYDENBERG. [BRABANT.]
GEESE. [GOOSE.]

GEHLENITE, a mineral which occurs in imbedded and massive aggregations of rectangular or slightly rhombic crystals. Primary form uncertain. Cleavage parallel to the planes of a rectangular or rhombic prism. Surface usually rough and dark. Fracture uneven, passing into splintery. Hardness, 5.5 to 6. Colour in general grey, frequently with a yellowish or greenish tint. Lustre slightly vitreous, resinous. Translucent slightly or opaque. Specific gravity, 2-832 to 3.029.

Before the blowpipe gehlenite suffers no change when alone. With borax it melts with difficulty into a glass coloured by oxide of iron. When heated in hydrochloric acid it gelatinizes.

This mineral occurs only in the valley of Fassa in the Tyrol. By analysis it yielded, according to

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British Museum. Actual Size. Silver. Weight, 265 grains.

one of the most powerful of the Grecian colonies in Sicily, and continued so to the time of Gelon [GELON], who removed the greater part of its inhabitants to Syracuse: after which it rapidly sunk in importance, and never again obtained its former power. The modern town of Terra Nova is supposed to have been built upon its site. The Minotaur on the coin of Gela, below, is symbolical of the origin of the city.

KEAAS

Coin of Gela.

British Museum. Actual size. Silver. Weight, 2694 grains.

GELA'SIMUS, a genus of Brachyurous Crustaceans. [OCYPODIANS.]

GELA'SIUS I. succeeded Felix II. as bishop of Rome, A.D. 492, and carried on the controversy with the Greek church which had begun under his predecessor, but without bringing it to any conclusion. He died in 496, and was succeeded by Anastasius II. Gelasius wrote several theological works, such as De Duabus Naturis in Christo,' in which he expresses sentiments which are considered as opposed to transubstantiation. It is found in the Lyon Bibliotheca Maxima Patrum.

GELA'SIUS II., a Benedictine monk, succeeded Paschal II., A.D. 1118. The popes were then at open war with the emperors of Germany; and the partizans of the latter at Rome, headed by the powerful family of Frangipani, opposed the election of Gelasius, and afterwards seized him and personally ill-treated him, until he was rescued from their hands by the præfect of Rome. Soon after, the Emperor Henry V. came himself with troops, and the pope having run away to Gaëta, an anti-pope was elected by the Imperial party, who styled himself Gregory VIII. Gelasius, after many wanderings, repaired to France, where he held a council at Rheims. He died at the convent of Cluny, in January, 1119, after a short but stormy pontificate, and was succeeded by Calixtus II.

GELATIN. [FOOD, vol. x., p. 343.]

GELDER ROSE, or rather, GUELDRES ROSE, a double variety of the Viburnum Opulus, a marsh shrub, common in this country and all the north of Europe. The name of this variety is supposed to indicate its origin in the Low Countries: it is also called the snowball-tree, in allusion to its large white balls of flowers.

GELE'E, CLAUDE. [CLAUde Lorraine.] GELLERT, CHRISTIAN FURCHTEGOTT, born near Chemnitz, in Saxony, acquired a great reputation as a writer of fables and as a moralist. The simplicity of his manners, his candour, and goodness of heart, contributed to render him popular with all classes. Frederic II. and Prince Henry were very partial to him, notwithstanding his habitual shyness. His Fabeln und Erzählungen' had a prodigious success in Germany. He also wrote Sacred Odes and Songs,' which are much esteemed. His 'Letters' have also been published. The collection of his works, Sämmtliche Werke,' forms part of the Karlsruher Deutscher Classiker,' 1823-6. His fables and letters were translated into French, 5 vols. 8vo., with a biographical notice of the author. Gellert died at Leipzig, where he was professor of philosophy, in December, 1769, and a monument was raised to him in the church of St. John, with a cast of his head in bronze. The bookseller Wendler, who published his works, also raised a monument to the memory of Gellert in his garden.

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to keep a common-place book in which he entered whatever he heard in conversation or met with in his private reading that appeared worthy of memory. In composing his Noctes Atticæ,' he seems merely to have copied the contents of his common-place book with a little alteration in the language, but without any attempt at classification or arrangement. This work contains anecdotes and arguments, scraps of his tory and pieces of poetry, and dissertations on various points in philosophy, geometry, and grammar. Amidst much that is trifling and puerile, we obtain information on many subjects relating to antiquity, of which we must otherwise have been ignorant. It is divided into twenty books, which are still extant, with the exception of the eighth and the beginning of the seventh. He mentions, in the conclusion of his preface, his intention of continuing the work, which he probably never carried into effect. The 'Noctes Attica' was printed for the first time at Rome, 1469, and has been frequently reprinted; the most valuable editions are the Bipont., 2 vols. 8vo. 1784, the one published by Gronovius, 4to. 1706, and a recent one by Lion, 2 vols. 8vo., Göttingen, 1824. The work has been translated into English by Beloe, 3 vols. 8vo., London, 1795; and into French, by Ďouzé de Verteuil, 3 vols. 12mo., Paris, 1776-1777.

GELON, a native of Gela, rose from the station of a private citizen to be supreme ruler of Gela and Syracuse. He was descended from an ancient. family, which originally came from Telus, an island off the coast of Caria, and settled at Gela when it was first colonized by the Rhodians; at which place his ancestors held the office of hereditary minister of the infernal gods (xóvio Oɛoi (Herodotus, vii. 153). During the time that Hippocrates reigned at Gela (B.C. 498—491), Gelon was appointed commander of the cavalry, and greatly distinguished himself in the various wars that Hippocrates carried on against the Grecian cities in Sicily. On the death of Hippocrates, who fell in a battle against the Siceli, Gelon seized the supreme power (B.c. 491). Soon afterwards a more splendid prize fell in his way. The nobles and landholders (yaμópo) of Syracuse, who had been expelled from the city by an insurrection of their slaves supported by the rest of the people, applied to Gelon for assistance. This crafty prince gladly availing himself of the opportunity of extending his dominions, marched to Syracuse, into which he was admitted by the popular party (B.C. 485), who had not the means of resisting so formidable an opponent. (Herodotus, vii. 154, 155.) Having thus become master of Syracuse, he appointed his brother Hieron governor of Gela, and exerted all his endeavours to promote the prosperity of his new acquisition. In order to increase the population of Syracuse, he destroyed Camarina, and removed all its inhabitants, together with a great number of the citizens of Gela, to his favourite city. As he was indebted for his power in Syracuse to the aristocratical party, he took care to strengthen it against the people. Thus when he conquered the Megarians and Euboeans of Sicily, he transplanted to Syracuse all those who were possessed of wealth, but sold the remainder as slaves. (Herod. vii. 156.) By his various conquests and his great abilities he had become a very powerful monarch; and therefore, when the Greeks expected the invasion of Xerxes, ambassadors were sent to Syracuse to secure if possible his assistance in the war. Gelon promised to send to their aid 200 triremes, 20,000 heavy-armed troops, 2000 cavalry, and 6000 light-armed troops, provided the supreme command were given to him. This offer being indignantly rejected by the Lacedæmonian and Athenian ambassadors, Gelon sent, according to Herodotus, an individual named Cadmus to Delphi with great treasures, with orders to present them to Xerxes if he proved victorious in the coming war. (He rod. vii. 157-164.) This statement however was denied by the Syracusans, who said that Gelon would have assisted the Greeks, if he had not been prevented by an invasion of the Carthaginians with a force amounting to 300,000 men under the command of Hamilcar. This great army was entirely defeated near Himera by Gelon, and Theron, monarch of Agrigentum, on the same day on which the battle of Salamis was fought. (Herod. vii. 165-167.) An account of this expedition is also given by Diodorus (b. xi. p. 254, Steph.), who states that the battle between Gelon and the Carthaginians was fought on the same day as that of Thermopyla.

GE'LLIUS, AULUS (or, according to some writers, Agellius), the author of the 'Noctes Atticæ,' was born at Rome in the early part of the second century, and died at the beginning of the reign of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. We have few particulars of his life; we know that he studied rhetoric under Cornelius Fronto at Rome, and philosophy under Phavorinus at Athens, and that he was appointed at an early age to a judicial office. (Noct. Att. xiv. 2.) The 'Noctes Atticæ' was written, as he informs us in the pre- Gelon appears to have used with moderation the power which face to the work, during the winter evenings in Attica, he had acquired by violence, and to have endeared himself to amuse his children in their hours of relaxation. It ap- to the Syracusans by the equity of his government and the pears from his own account, that he had been accustomea | encouragement he gave to commerce and the fine arts.

There are still existing many coms of Gelon and his successor Hieron, of beautiful workmanship, of which a description is given in Mionnet, vol. i. p. 328. It is supposed by some that these coins were not struck in the time of Gelon, but by order of Hieron II. (B.c. 275-216), a supposition somewhat inconsistent with the number of coins still remaining. We are informed by Plutarch, that posterity remembered with gratitude the virtues and abilities of Gelon, and that the Syracusans would not allow his statue to be destroyed, together with those of the other tyrants, when Timoleon was master of the city. (Life of Timoleon,' p. 247.) He died B.C. 478, and was succeeded by his brother Hieron. (Aristotle, Polit., b. v., c. 12, p. 678, Elzevir.)

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of Castor (or a Geminorum) and Pollux (or ẞ Geminorum) are given. The latter star is marked by Flamsteed as of the first magnitude, by the greater part of astronomers as of the second, and by Piazzi as of the third! These two stars, whose proximity will cause them to be easily recognised when once known, may be found by drawing a line through the belt of Orion and the two bright stars the line of which cuts through the belt. This line, lengthened upwards, will pass very near to the two stars of Gemini. They are also about halfway between Regulus and Aldebaran: and if the Great Bear and Orion be seen together, then Capella on the one side, and Castor and Pollux on the other, will be conspicuous boundaries of the intermediate space.

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GEMINIA'NI, FRANCESCO, a very distinguished composer, and also a famous violinist, was born at Lucca, about the year 1680. The foundation of his profesional knowledge was laid by Alessandro Scarlatti, but he completed his studies under Corelli. England was then, as now, the place of attraction for foreign musical talent, and Geminiani arrived in London in 1714, where his performance speedily gave him celebrity. He soon became acquainte with Baron Kilmansegge, chamberlain to George I. as Elector of Hanover, through whose means he was introduced to the king, and had the honour to perform before that sovereign some of his recently published Sonatas, for Violino, Violone, e Cembalo,' in which Handel, accompanied him on the harpsichord. Successful as he was professionally, his finances were continually in a disordered state, for some demon whispered Have a taste,' and following such seductive advice, he indulged in the passion for collecting pictures, which he often sold again at a loss, and thus not only expended all that his talent and labour acquired, but too frequently was tempted to neglect his business. Embarrassed circumstances were the unavoidable result; he therefore applied for the appointment of Composer of State Music in Ireland, and through the interest of the Earl of Essex was nominated to that good situation; but belonging to the Catholic communion, and, though no bigot, refusing to take oaths irreconcilable to his conscience, the office was given to his pupil, Matthew Dubourg. He now set down industriously to compose, and published numerous works. Six of Corelli's Solos and as many of that great musician's Sonatas he converted into Concertos for a band, and in so efficient a manner, that some of them are yet annually listened to with delight at the Ancient Concerts. These were followed by his own Six Orchestral Concertos, Opera Terza, and Twelve Sonatas for Violin and Base, all of which abound in beautiful melody, and evince his skill in harmony. His deep knowledge of the latter was further exhibited soon after, in his Guida Armonica, which the old musicians treated as one of those attempts at innovation that ought to be resisted, and omitted no means in their power to prevent the sale of a work which they had not wit enough to understand. A French critic however, the Père Castel, wrote a vindication of it in the Journal des Savans, a publication of vast influence at that time, and Geminiani finally triumphed over his obstinate and jealous opponents. But as the emoluments arising from his many publications were by no means commensurate to the thought and time necessarily bestowed on them, or to his expensive habits, his necessities still pursued him, and he had recourse to a kind of benefit-concert at Drury Lane theatre, by which he made a considerable sum, and was thus enabled to gratify his love of travelling. He went to Paris, and there printed two sets of Concertos. On his return to England he continued composing and publishing. In 1761 he paid a visit to his friend Dubourg, in Dublin; but soon after his arrival in that city he lost, through the treachery of a servant, a manuscript treatise on music, on which he had bestowed much time and labour, and on the success of which his hopes of future independence were founded. This he never recovered; and the circumstance so preyed on his mind, that we are told it shortened his life, though probably not by any long period, for he reached his eighty-third year, and breathed his last in the Irish capital in 1762.

GEMMASTREA. [MADRE PHYLLICA.]
GEMMULI'NA. [FORAMINIFERA, vol. x., p. 348.]
GEMS. [CAMEO; INTAGLIO.]

GENDARMERIE (from Gens d'Armes, men-at-arms) was a chosen corps of cavalry under the old monarchy of France: it is mentioned with praise in the wars of Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. Under the present system the gendarmerie is a body of soldiers entrusted with the police

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