£483,210 £493,440 1828 2,559 ..... 1829 9,926 80,203 122,791 1833 .... 14,162 91,243 1834 1835 113,021 .... .... a hospital, with an establishment for the employment of their poor and the care of orphans. Fürth has also a townhall, a grammar and a superior civic school, twenty elementary and Sunday schools, an hospital, theatre, &c. The market-place, a large open area, occupies the tongue of land formed by the confluence of the Rednitz and Pregnitz. Independently of a brisk transit trade, Fürth is the residence of a number of small manufacturers, whose productions are looking-glasses, chandeliers, glass, sealingwax, pocket-books, pencils, needles, spectacles, cabinet work, turnery, false gold leaf (Leon-gold), clocks, jewellery, saddles and harness, locks, &c. Some cottons, caps, and stockings are also woven. There is an annual fair at Michaelmas, which lasts fourteen days. FUSCIN, a brownish matter insoluble in water but dissolved by alcohol, obtained from empyreumatic animal oil. [OIL, ANIMAL.] FUSEE. [HOROLOGY.] 55,357 4,340 94,218 FÜRSTENBERG, a principality under the sovereignties of the king of Würtemberg and grand-duke of Baden, consist ing of several mostly isolated bailiwicks on the rivers Danube, Wutach, and Kinzig, the majority of which are situated in the Würtemberg circle of the Danube and the Baden circle of the Lake. They have an area of about 787 square mies, nd a population of about 92,000; and comprise 18 towns and 4 market villages, besides 195 villages, hamlets, &c. The principality is mountainous, and produces timber, cattle, iron, copper, silver, &c. In the upland districts, in the western region of the Black Forest, the inhabitants are employed in making articles of wood, particularly wooden clocks. The prince's residence is Donau-Eschingen, where he has his chancery and public offices. He is also possessed of several seignioralities in Bohemia; and his yearly income is estimated at from 500,000 to 600,000 guilders, from about 46,000l. to 55,000l. sterling. Donau-Eschin-name to Fuseli, to suit the Italian pronunciation, and this gen, in 48° 56′ N. lat. and 8° 31′ E. long., is situated at the confluence of the three streams whose united waters form the Danube. It contains about 400 houses and 3100 inha bitants. The palace, high church, archivarium, public offices, and riding-house and stables are handsome modern buildings: the town has also a gymnasium, and a very ex tensive establishment belonging to the prince, in which great quantities of beer and brandy are made. a FÜRTH (in Latin records Trajectum or Furthum), a circle in the Bavarian province of the Retzat, comprising a few small parishes and the town of the same name, which is situated in a fertile plain and at the confluence of the Rednitz and Pregnitz; about four miles north-west of Nuremberg, in 49° 28' N. lat. and 11° 1' E. long. It contains about 1240 houses, and 13,850 inhabitants, of whom upwards of 11,000 are Lutherans and 3550 Jews. The site was originally Villa Regia,' or royal domain and mansion, in which many of the German nobles assembled in 907 in council with the emperor Lewis. The bishops of Bamberg enjoyed it by gift from the emperor Henry II.; and it afterwards became part of the Margraviate of Ansbach, in conjunction with which it was annexed to the crown of Bavaria in 1803. There are three churches, one of which is Roman Catholic, a splendid synagogue, and three minor places for Jewish worship; the high church contains one of the oldest and largest organs in Germany. The Jews have a sort of university here called a Talmud school, where their learned men and rabbis are educated, two printing-houses, three minor schools, a lay and ecclesiastical court of justice, and P. C., No. 661. FU'SELI, HENRY, was the second son of John Caspar Fuessli, a portrait and landscape painter, and author of 'Lives of the Helvetic Painters.' He was born at Zürich in Switzerland, 7th February, 1741. The elder Fuessli gave his son a classical education, and brought him up for the church. He accordingly entered the Caroline College at Zürich, where he subsequently took his degree of Master of Arts. He entered into holy orders in 1761; but having written a pamphlet, in conjunction with Lavater, in which the conduct of an unjust magistrate was exposed, his friends deemed it prudent to oblige him to travel for a while, in order to avoid the vengeance of the disgraced magistrate's family, who still retained considerable power. After travelling in Germany, he came to England, partly it appears as an agent for the purpose of establishing some regular plan of literary communication between that country and his native place. Sir Andrew Mitchell, the British minister at the court of Prussia, furnished him with introductions. Among others, he became acquainted with Mr. Millar (afterwards succeeded by Mr. Cadell) and Mr. Johnson, two eminent publishers; and he supported himself for some time by translating from German, French, and Italian into English, and from English into German. The Letters' of Lady M. W. Montagu were among the works he translated into German. In 1765 he published a translation of Winckelmann's Reflexions on the Painting and Sculpture of the Antients.' In the following year he set out as travelling tutor to Lord Chewton, the eldest son of Earl Waldegrave; but he soon threw up his charge in displeasure. About this time he became acquainted with Sir Joshua Reynolds, to whom he showed some of his drawings. Reynolds recommended him to devote himself entirely to painting, and he followed the advice. In 1770 he went to Italy, at which time he altered his form he retained after his return to England. In 1778 he visited Zürich on his way back to England. On his return he was engaged by Alderman Boydell, with other artists, to paint pictures for the Alderman's Shakspeare Gallery About the same period he edited the English edition of Lavater's work on physiognomy, and assisted Cowper in his translation of Homer, with remarks and corrections. In 1788 he married Miss Sophia Rawlins, of Bath Eaton, and subsequently was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, with a view, it is said by his biographer, to the pension allotted by that body to the widows of its deceased members. In 1790 he was elected Royal Academician. In 1799 he completed a number of pictures, designed from the works of Milton, to form a Milton Gallery, the idea of which was suggested by the Shakspeare Gallery; but he realized nothing by their exhibition. In the same year he was elected Professor of Painting to the Royal Academy, and, in 1803, Keeper. His edition of Pilkington's Lives of the Painters' was brought out in 1805. Canova, upon his visit to England, was much struck with Fuseli's works; and on the sculptor's return to Rome, at his recommendation Fuseli was elected a member of the first class in the Academy of St. Luke's. Fuseli died April 15, 1825, and was buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral. In the earlier portion of his life Fuseli was very susceptible of the passion of love, and appears to have formed many attachments. He was in like manner favoured with the affections of more ladies than one; but, until he met with the lady whom he married, a curious perversity seems VOL. XI.-E to have prevented any of the more serious attachments from being mutual. Among others, Miss Wollstonecraft avowed a passion for him, which was not returned. He was short in stature, but robust, with strongly marked features, and an energetic countenance. Harlow's portrait, in little, is esteemed the best likeness of him extant, as it is perhaps the best picture Harlow ever produced. Fuseli had great facility in learning languages. He said that he could think and write with equal ease in French, Italian, and English, but with most power in German. His English writings are in a style not purely idiomatic, but they are full of nerve and originality of expression. His lectures contain (if we except some of his remarks upon contemporaries, which were sometimes all but unavoidably modified by personal feelings), some of the best criticism on the fine arts in the language. Though singularly abrupt and irritable in temper, he made and retained many friendships which were only broken by death. Lavater, Bonnycastle, and Johnson (the publisher), were among the oldest of his friends, and he survived them all. Many curious anecdotes are told of the freedom and quaintness with which he passed his strictures on all persons in matters of art, lite rature, or manners. did more than supply money to Gutenberg, who had made "Adiuuentione artificiosa imprimendi ac caracterizandi absque calami alla exaratione sic effigiatus. Et ad eusebiam de: industrie est consummatus per Johannem fust Ciuem Maguntinum. Et Petrum Schoffer de Gernszheim. Anno dui Millesimo CCCC.LVII. In vigilia Assumptionis." 1465, fol. maj.: a second, or at least a varying impression of this work appeared in the same year. 10. Cicero's Offices and Paradoxa,' 1465, sm. fol.: the first edition of Cizero with a date. 11. Cicero's Offices and Paradoxa, 1466, sm. fol. Copies of this edition are more common upon vellum than on paper: that of 1465 is very rare upon vellum. 12. 'Grammatica rhytmica,' 1466, fol. min. It consists of eleven leaves in the smallest fount of type of these printers, and is of extreme rarity; two or three copies only are known. 2. The Psalter of 1459; with some variations from the proceding, but in the same size and letter. 3. The Rationale Fuseli made the works of Michel Angelo his chief study. divinorum Officiorum' of Durand, 1459, fol. maj.; the first He also moulded his style much upon the model of the specimen of the smaller type of Fust and Schoeffer." 4. colossal statues on Monte Cavallo, at Rome. His colouring The Clementine Constitutions, 1460, fol. maj. 5. Joannis is low in tone, and overspread with a sickly, greenish, Balbi de Janua Catholicon, 1460, fol. maj. 6. The Latin leaden, or yellowish hue; his hand hasty, and not skilful. Vulgate Bible, 2 vols., 1462, fol. maj. Copies of this Bible He would sometimes work with his colours dry in the are oftener found printed upon vellum than on paper, but powder, rubbing them up with his brush. Probably from both are rare. 7. The German Bible, fol. maj. [Known a deficiency in his early study, his drawing was not so correct to have been printed in 1462, or thereabout.] Reprinted in as his ambition was daring. His anatomy sometimes 1465. 8. Bulla Papæ Pii II.' Germ. 1463, fol. maj. 9. resembles the mechanical and coarse ostentation of an arti-Liber sextus Decretalium Bonifacii VIII. Pont. Max ficial myotomical model rather than the free, varying, and blended forms of nature. The proportions are frequently exaggerated, and the action violent and intemperate. In his desire to display the naked figure, he often sacrifices his better knowledge, and violates all rules of costume; and there is sometimes much that is extravagant and fantastical in his design. His figures set about the commonest occupations, straining every feature, finger, and toe, with superfluous energy. His Hamlet breaking from his attendants to follow the Ghost' is iu a prepos*erously contorted attitude, and he looks as though he would burst his clothes with convulsive cramps in all his muscles. In an illustration to Cowper's Poems, a gentleman is seated at a family breakfast table without a waistcoat and with his hat on; his legs, which are curiously crossed, scem naked till the slight border of the trowser is perceived. On the other hand, there is always life and action in his figures, some event going forward in the design. His people scem in earnest. In dreamy or terrible subjects he is often grand and impressive. His 'Nightmare" is imaginative and full of feeling. His 'Sin pursued by Death' is truly a fine picture. Death is fitly hideous, and the female is a ghastly mixture of spectral paleness and voluptuousness. Fuseli loved his art with a genuine affection, and the bold and original thoughts of his vigorous if not exalted mind were impressed upon the canvass without misgiving. He only wanted a better training of his hand, and a more temperate habit of thinking, to have made a great painter. As it is, he has helped to vindicate the supremacy of design (including invention) and expression over the inferior parts of the art, and has done much to advance a better taste in this country. (Knowles.) FUSION. The different temperatures at which certain solids are rendered fluid have been already mentioned. [FREEZING POINTS.] In addition it may be merely remarked that fusion is sometimes used with the prefix of watery, and at other times igneous. Watery fusion is that which occurs when a salt, such as sulphate of soda for example, containing much water of crystallization fuses or melts in its water by exposure to a moderate heat; it may afterwards undergo igneous fusion by exposure to a much higher temperature. FUST, or FAUST, JOHN, an opulent citizen of Mayence, a goldsmith by trade, whose name appears as one of the inventors of the art of printing, in the manner in which that art is effected by movable metal types. Gutenberg and Schoeffer were the two others. Schoeffer, by inventing the puncheon, is supposed to have given completion to the discovery. It is not however quite certain that Fust The following works without date, from the close resemblance of their typography, are assigned without scruple by our best bibliographers to the press of Fust and Schoeffer. 1. Bulla Cruciata sanctissimi Domini nostri Papæ contra Turcos,' fol. in six printed leaves. It has no place or name. The type is like the Durand. 2. 'Laus Virginis,' folio, nine leaves. The device of the shields in red, at the end, seen in so many of these printers' works, decidedly justifies its being placed as the production of Fust and Schoeffer's press. 3. S. Aurelii Augustini de Arte prædicandi Tractatus,' folio: supposed to have been printed about 1466. It consists of twenty-two leaves. 4. Ælius Donatus de Octo partibus Orationis,' 4to.; the type of the smaller size, resembling the Latin Bible of 1462 and the Cicero of 1465. With an exception or two, the whole of Fust and Schoeffer's productions are in the collection at the British Museum. Fust, whose name appears with Schoeffer's for the last time in 1466, is supposed to have died in that, or at latest in the next year, of the plague, at Paris. Schoeffer continued to print in his own name for a long time. (Panzer, Annal. Typogr., vol. ii., p. 111-117; Bibliot Spenceriana, passim; Biogr. Universelle, tom. xvi. p. 205; Peignot, Variétés, Notices, et Raretés Bibliographiques, 8vo. Par. 1822, p. 78.) FUSTIAN, a description of cotton fabrics similar in the mode of their manufacture to velvet, having in addition to the warp and weft common to all woven goods, a pile consisting of other threads doubled under the weft, and 'thrown in' at intervals so close together that when the goods are finished the interlacing of the warp and weft are concealed by them. [VELVET.] While in the loom the pile forms a series of loops, which are afterwards cut and sheared. The cutting is performed by running a knife through each series of loops as they occur in the weft; this gives an uneven and hairy appearance to the cloth, which is afterwards remedied first by the shearing process, and afterwards by singeing and brushing, which latter operations are re peated until the fustian has acquired a smooth and polished appearance. The shearing of fustians is a separate art; and several hundred persons are engaged in it in the town of Manchester alone. Until lately the operations were conducted by hand, but the aid of machinery has now been obtained, and instead of the tedious operation of cutting open only one set of loops at once, a series of knives are brought to act together and continuously, until the whole piece is finished, by which means the work is not only done more quickly, but is also better performed than when its excellence depended upon the uniform precision of the human hand. Various kinds of fustians are made, and are known by dif ferent names, according to their form and fineness. The best kinds are known as cotton velvet and velveteen; besides these there are beaverteens, moleskin, corduroy, and cords, Different patterns are produced by different dispositions of the pile threads. Fustians are woven both in the handloom and with the power-loom; they are made of different widths, some pieces being 18 and others 27 inches wide: a piece of velveteen of medium quality, 90 yards long and 18 inches wide, weighs about 24 or 25 lbs. The yarn for the warp is made of New Orleans cotton, or of Upland Georgia and Brazil cotton mixed, of the fineness of 32 hanks to the pound; the weft and pile are usually spun from Upland mixed with East India cotton, and the yarn is commonly of the fineness of 24 hanks to the pound. [COTTON SPINNING.] FUSTIC. This name appears to be derived from fustet, the French name of a yellow dye-wood, the produce of Venetian sumach. A wood similar in colour and uses, but larger in size, having been subsequently imported from the New World, had the same name applied to it with the addition of old, while the other, being smaller, is called young fustic; but these, so far from being the produce of the same tree at different ages, do not even belong to the same genus. Young Fustic, or, as it is sometimes called, Zante Fustic, is the produce of Rhus Cotinus (tribe Anacardiaceae), a native of Italy, the south of France, and of Greece; much of it is exported from Patras in the Morea; and it also extends into Asia. It is supposed to be the Cotinus of Pliny, being still called Scotino near Valcimara, in the Apennines, where it is cultivated on account of its uses in tanning. The root and the wood of this shrub are both imported, deprived of their bark, and employed for dyeing a yellow colour approaching to orange, upon wool or cottons, prepared either with alum or the nitro-muriate of tin with the addition of tartar. The colour is a beautiful bright yellow, and permanent when proper mordaunts are employed. Only small quantities of this kind of fustic are imported. Dr. Sibthorp was of opinion that Rhamnus infectoria or oleoides, of which the berries are called French and Persian berries, yielded the fustic of commerce, and informs us that its yellow wood is called by the Greeks chrysoxylon. He also thought that it was the Lycium of Dioscorides, but this has been shown by Dr. Royle to be a species of Berberis, of which genus all the species have yellow wood. FUSUS. [SIPHONOSTOMATA.] FUTTEHGHUR, a town in the district of Furruckabad distant 3 miles from the city of Furruckabad, on the western bank of the Ganges, in 27° 21′ N. lat. and 79° 30′ E. long. Futtehghur was formerly an important military station of the British government; but since the district has become more subject to the dominion of the law than it was when under the government of the nabob of Furruckabad, the number of the soldiers has been diminished, and is now quite inconsiderable. This town is the residence of the civil officers entrusted with the management of the conquered and ceded provinces, and several European merchants reside and carry on their business within its walls. During the dry season the Ganges is here reduced to two or three narrow channels winding slowly through a bed of sand, and at this time the town is hardly habitable because of the clouds of dust which are continually flying. The town contains an arsenal which is protected by a strong mud fort. The chief industry carried on within the town is the manufacture of tents, which are made of good materials and excellent workmanship. Futtehghur is distant 90 miles north-west from Lucknow, travelling distance. FUTTIPORE, a town situated 19 miles south-west from the city of Agra, and within the province of that name, in 26° 6' N. lat. and 77° 34' E. long. The walls by which it is surrounded are of great extent. The inclosed space appears for the most part to have been always unprovided with buildings. The stone of which the walls are formed is furnished by quarries in the neighbourhood, which have also supplied the materials for building the houses, which are not numerous. The town was inclosed and fortified by the Emperor Akbar, whose favourite residence it was. It contains an extensive tomb, also built by Akbar, in which several members of the imperial family were buried: the palace which he inhabited has long been in ruins, while a small house, which is said to have been the residence of his favourite minister, is still in good preservation. FUTURE. [TIME.] FUZE, a short tube, made of well-seasoned beech, and fixed in the bore of a shell. It is filled with a composition, which, being fired by means of a small piece of quick-match inserted for the purpose, the shell is made to explode in consequence of the fire communicating with the powder with which it is charged. The length of a fuze is regulated by the intended range of the shell or by the intended time of its flight. For the ingredients which enter into the composition, and for the manner of driving' the fuze, see Spearman's British Gunner. Old Fustic, the 'bois jaune' of the French, is on the contrary the produce of a large tree, Morus tinctoria, dyer's mulberry, of the natural family of Urtice, a native of Tropical America and the West India Islands. The tree attains a height of 60 feet; the wood is yellow coloured, hard, and strong, but easily splintered, and is imported in the form of large logs or blocks. The yellow colour which it affords with an aluminous base, though durable, is not FYZABAD, a town in the kingdom of Oude, situated very bright. M. Chaptal discovered that glue, by precipi- on the south side of the Goggra river, in 26° 47′ N. lat. tating its tannin, enabled its decoctions to dye yellow almost and 82° 3' E. long., 2 miles west from Oude, the antient as bright as those of weld and quercitron bark. The fustic capital. In the reign of Shuja ud Dowlah, Fyzabad was from Cuba is preferred, and fetches the highest price, vary-made the capital, but the seat of government was transing from 107. to 127., while that from Jamaica or Columbia varies from 87. to 97. a ton. The tree is figured by Sloane, and noticed by Marcgrave and Piso. Browne describes it as a native of Jamaica, and deserving the attention of planters, as it is only propagated by birds, who are fond of its sweet roundish fruit. Fustic is admitted into England at the nominal duty of three shillings per ton from British Possessions, and four shillings and six-pence from other countries. The annual import for each of the ten years, ending with 1836, was-1827, 4111 tons; 1828, 7597; 1829, 7364; 1830, 5111; 1831, ferred to Lucknow, in 1775, by his son and successor Azoph ud Dowlah. Shuja's palace is already in ruins. At the time just mentioned, the bankers and superior merchants accompanied the court to Lucknow, but the population is still numerous. The widow of Shuja ud Dowlah, known in history as the Bhow Begum, continued to reside in Fyzabad to the time of her death. She was possessed of great wealth, the amount of which, as is usual in the East, was much exaggerated. She wished to bequeath the whole of her property to the English government, but the offer was declined; and after providing for her other relations F, in music, 151 Fabaceae [Leguminósæ] Fabriáno [Maceráta] Fabrizio, Gerónimo, 151 Fabyan, 154 Façade, 154 Facciolati, 154 lumn] INDEX TO THE LETTER F. Farmer, Dr. Richard, 200 Farmers-General, 200 Farnaby, 201 Farnese, 201 Farnham, 202 Faro, 202 Faroe Islands, 202 Farquhar, 203 Farrant, 203 Farringdon, 203 VOLUME X. Fars, or Farsistan [Persia] Farthing [Money] Farthingale, 204 Fasces Consul; Dictator] Fascicle, 204 Fácia [Civil Architecture; Co- Fasciculária [Madrephyllica] Fascines, 204 Fasciolária [Siphonostomata] Fast, 204 Fasti, 204 Fasting [Abstinence] Fat, 204 Falkland, Henry Cary, 189 Falkland Islands, 189 Fall of Bodies, 190 Fallacy, 190 Falling Stars [Aerolites] Fallopian Tubes, 190 Fallow, 191 Falmouth, 192 False Position, 193 Falsetto, 193 Falster, 193 Falun, 194 Famagosta [Cyprus] Fan Palm [Chamaerops] Fanariotes, 194 Fancy, 195 Fandango, 195 Fano [Urbino e Pesaro] Fealty [Distress, p. 29; Feudal System] Fear, 212 Fear, Cape [Carolina, North] Feast, or Festival, 213 Fécamp, 213 Feciális, 213 Fanoe [Deumark, vol. viii., p. Fees, 216 398] Fanshawe, 195 Fantees, 195 p. 417] Faria e Sousa, 195 Felix I., II., III., 224 Feltre [Belluno] Felucca, 225 Fennel [Fænículum] Fenugreek [Trigonella] Ferdinand I., II., III., of Austria, 228 Ferdinand I., II., III, IV., of Ferdinand I., II., III., IV., V., Fermanagh, 235 Fermat, 236 Fernandez, Joan, 238 Ferrára, Legazione di, 239 Ferról, 241 Ferry, 241 Férula, 241 Ferussína, 242 Fescennine Verses, 242 Fescue [Festuca] Festúca, 242 Festus, Sextus Pompeius, 242 Feuerbach, 248 Fever, Continued, 249 Feversham, or [Kent] Faversham Fibulária [Echinidæ, vol. ix., pp. 260, 261] Ficédula [Beccafico, vol. iv., P. 125; Sylviada] Fichte, 256 Fichtelgebirge, 257 Ficíno, 257 Ficoidea [Mesembryacer] Fiction [Novel; Romance] Fiddle [Violin] Fiésole [Etruria; Florence] Fifeshire, 261 Fifteenth (in music), 267 Fifth (in music), 267 Fifth Monarchy Men, 267 Fig, 267 Figeac [Lot] Figueras Catalonia, p. 362; Figulus [Creeper, vol. viii., p. 148] Figurate Numbers [Numbers Filices [Gleicheniacea] Fimbria (zoology) [Venerida] Fin [Fish] Finále, 270 Fisher, Bishop, 283 Fisheries, 284 Fishguard [Pembrokeshire] Fissurella [Cervicobranchiata, vol. vi., p. 443] Fistula Lacrymális [Lacrymal Fitzjames [Berwick, Duke of] Fixed Air [Carbonic Acid] Flagellants, Flagellation, 290 Flamborough Head [Yorkshire] Flamen, Flámines, 291 Flamingo, 292 Flamininus, 295 Flamsteed, 296 Flanders, East, 297 Flannel [Woollen Fluents [Fluxions] Fluoboric Acid Gas, 328 Fluor Spar, 328 Fluorine, 328 Form, 371 Fluosilicic Acid, 329 Forma Pauperis, 372 Fluoric Acid [Hydrofluoric Acid] Forlì, Legazione di, 371 Flushing, 329 Formedon, 372 Flustra [Cellariæa, vol. vi., p. Formentera [Balearic Islands] 401] Flute, 329 Flute, Flutings [Column] Fly Trap [Dionæa] Focksham, or Foczany [Moldavia] Focus (Geometry) [Ellipse; Foehr, or Foehrde, 333 Foetus (in botany), 335 Foil (in gilding) [Gilding] Foix, Gaston, Count de, 336 Foksham [Wallachia] Folárd, 337 Flanders, West, 298 Flanders, Agriculture, 299 Manufac tures] Flat (in music), 302 Folcland [Bocland] Flax, 302 Fólio, 337 Formic Acid, 372 Fortunate Islands [Canaries] Forum, 378 Fóscolo, Ugo, 380 Foss, or Foss-Way, 381 Fossáno, 381 Fossil Copal, 381 Fossils, 381 Fournier [Creeper, vol. viii., p. Frederick William, Duke of 148] Fourth (in music), 390 Foveólia [Medusa] Fowey [Cornwall] [Anti-Fowling, 390 Forces, Impressed and Effective, 351 Forces, Parallelogram of, 351 Ford, 352 Ford, John, 353 Fordun, John de, 353 Fox, 390 Brunswick, 466 |