But this darkness is not without a streak of light. The Scottish Press gives the following Table, which speaks well for the country in a moral sense; and, unquestionably, the moral and the material will ultimately adjust themselves to each other. DECREASE OF PUBLIC-HOUSES IN EDINBURGH. "In the city of Edinburgh alone-including both without and within the Royalty-there are about 600 licensed houses fewer than there were twenty years ago, notwithstanding our population has greatly increased. Indeed, if we take the relative proportion of public-houses to population, the decrease has been nearly a half." This statement has been challenged, contradicted, repudiated. We have, therefore, obtained from the City Clerks, and the Clerk of the Peace, the official lists from the year 1830 to 1850 inclusive, which we transcribe. The word " City" indicates those granted by the Magistrates, and the word "County" indicates those granted to persons beyond the Royalty, but within the bounds of police: 636 the town of Preston, it appears that among the drinkers 233 out of every 1000 were annually sick; among the abstainers, only 139. The drinkers, on the average, were seven weeks and four days sick each; the teetotalers, only three weeks and two days. The drinking clubs had to pay £2 16s. 1d. to each of their 233 members; the Rechabites were taxed only to the amount of £1 9s. 2d. for each of their 139 members. Therefore, the total expense per thousand on the teetotal system, would be £202 14s. 2d.; on the drinking system, £673 7s. 4d. If the drinkers had paid as much to their members as the teetotalers did, their expenses would have been £802 9s. 9d., or nearly four times as much as that of the teetotalers. Moreover, the 1000 teetotalers had to endure 458 weeks of sickness, while the drinkers had to suffer 1,770 weeks, or nearly four times the amount. THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS AND COLLEGES. We are constantly listening to hypocritical outcries on the subject of the religious condition of the United States, notwithstanding the ten demonstrations which competent travellers from Europe have brought to the contrary, showing that, notwithstanding all the difficulties connected with a primitive state of society constantly expanding itself in all the principal towns, such a measure of provision is made as England cannot boast, notwithstanding its bloated Establishment, its dignified clergy, and its nine millions sterling! We may just illustrate the point in the matter of Schools for Theology and Colleges. It appears, then, there are no fewer than forty-two such Institutions in the United States They are designated as follows : Decrease in twenty years But if we look at the gratifying decrease of public-houses in connection with the increase of the population, we will observe that the relative diminution of public-houses is still greater. In 1831 the population of the Parliamentary Burgh was about 132,000, and the public-houses amounted to 1,578, or in round numbers, one public-house to every 83 persons; in 1851 the population amounted to 160,084, and the publichouses to 942, or about one to every 170 persons. The effect of Intemperance upon the social condition of man is not fully understood. It touches the body politic at all points, and never touches but to wound. SICK-CLUB STATISTICS. In a comparison of eight general sick-clubs with three whose members were teetotalers, in Presbyterian Unitarian Total Of the 120 Colleges there were, in 1849, under the direction of the Baptists, 12; under that of the Episcopalians, 10; the Methodists influenced 12, and the Roman Catholics 13. The remainder were divided between the Congregationalists and the Presbyterians. But it may be said, This is only Colleges. Only Colleges! Is that nothing Is it nothing to build, at a vast cost, such Institutions, and to sustain the Faculties which carry on the process of intellectual culture within them? But let the objector go with us to one of the principal cities, and he shall see what is done in the way of Chapel Building. PUBLIC LIBRARIES. But we will not stop here. We will now present him with an intellectual spectacle that must dazzle the intelligence of Europe. The foul blot of Slavery on the escutcheon of the United States so revolts the eye of Europe as largely to blind it to the multitude of admirable objects which present themselves, for examination and instruction, in that wonderful country. The late Census has been turned to excellent account, as bringing out the subject of intellectual culture. The document presents an example which it is to be regretted our Government did not follow. The question of Public Libraries has been strikingly illustrated. It appears that there are 1,262 public libraries proper, having 1,212,858 volumes; and 10,605 public school-libraries, having 1,521,319 volumes, or 11,867 public libraries, with 2,734,349 volumes. This is certainly a demonstration, so far as facilities for reading go, that should make us grateful to the public spirit which has accomplished thus much. An analysis of the returns exhibits some curious results. New York in this, as in other respects, is the "empire' State. She has 9,482 public schoollibraries, containing 1,136,584 volumes, or more than eight times as many libraries, and six times as many volumes in them, as there are in the other twentynine States, while her population is less than one-seventh of the whole free population, including the territories and the District of Columbia. Massachusetts stands next. She has 700 public schoollibraries, and 85,443 volumes; considerably more, leaving New York out, than all the other States. Michigan, the gem of the Western States, is third on the list, having 248 public libraries proper, with 59,819 volumes, and 124 public school-libraries, with 31,382 volumes, or as many of the latter as all the other Free States, New York and Massachusetts being left out. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee, have a fair proportion of public libraries proper, but only 52 public school-libraries among them, containing 18,486 volumes, or about one volume to 400 of the free population. The Free and Slave States present interesting comparisons, as will be seen from the annexed Tables: people on the face of the earth. There is no such Church as theirs for wealth and wanton extravagance. In the years 1835, 6, 7, the public became impatient, and some of the Bishops themselves half ashamed at the state of things as they were managed. Parliament was resolute on a reformation, but even the reformation it proposed was a monstrosity, there being no proportion whatever between the duties and the emoluments of the English Episcopate. It was at length determined, in 1837, that the revenues should be as set forth in the first column of the following Table, and that the surplus should be appropriated to other Ecclesiastical objects. How the Bishops have obeyed, and how the act has been carried out, the second of the ensuing columns will show. The following is a Return just laid before Parliament, under the signature of the Bishops themselves. Let this be noted-the Bishops themselves. No. Vols. 5,467 1,460 (Paid to Commission ers, £3,750.) Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina 250 Alabama (Paid to Commission ers, £1,300.) 4 6,200 Carlisle Chester 4,500 4,500 Chester Carlisle 2 5,100 (Paid to Commission ers, £650.) 15 Slave States The population of the Free States is 13,533,328, and the free population of the Slave States is 6,993,756. The number of public libraries of both kinds, in the Free States, is 11,550, having 2,169,022 volumes; the number in the Slave States is 317, having 345,185 volumes. It thus appears that the Free States, with only twice the population, enjoy six times as many facilities for reading as the Slave States, while the former have nearly sixty times as many public school-libraries, and thirty times as many books, diffused among the people. HOW THE ENGLISH BISHOPS DO The English ought to be the best taught 4,500 St. David's 5,029 Gloucester and Gloucester and 4,200 Llandaff 5,000 Oxford 4,500 Peterborough 4,500 Ripon 4,770 This is how Churchmen manage their affairs, and, let us add, are allowed by the most intelligent, high-minded, and religious people on the face of the earth, to manage them! That such a state of things should obtain is a huge disgrace to the English nation. However, we have no faith in the above Return made by the Bishops. We believe things are vastly worse than there appears. But let us next look to the PUBLIC EDUCATION OF GREAT An estimate of the sum required to be voted in the year 1851, for public education in Great Britain-£150,000. EXPENSES TO BE PROVIDED FOR IN THE COURSE For grants to pay the annual stipends £55,000 Popery-Ireland. For ages the Pope has had everything to himself in the Emerald Isle. The people-soul, body, and spirit-have been devoted to the Roman See, and the abject slaves of its instruments, the priesthood. It is time to inquire, then, what the Irish people have gained by Popery,-to inquire what it has made them, and is likely to keep them. It will not do to ascribe the effects of Popery to the effects of "English misgovernment." This has been too much the fashion. It is the policy of the priests, but it is a grand delusion and a gross misrepresentation. Were the government of Ireland to be managed by the hierarchy of Heaven, until Popery is destroyed in the midst of the people, they can know no happiness, and the Island no peace. Houses: Inhabited 3,000 Uninhabited, built building 75,000 20,000 Decrease Or, at the rate of 20 per cent. 5,000 3,000 For salaries and travelling expenses of inspectors 21,000 Or, 286,033 SOULS FEWER THAN IN 1821 THIRTY YEARS AGO. MECHANICS' INSTITUTIONS. 750 bers. 102,050 Vols. 691,500 rooms. 372 12 55 25 For grant to the Education Committee of the General Assembly of the Established Church of Scotland For salary of statistical clerk and supplemental clerks (the rest of the staff being charged on the estimate for the Privy Council Office, No. 6, Class 2). 120,081 815,516 408 The educational advantages which these Institutions have disseminated in the past year may be regarded as evidence of the superiority they possess over other means of imparting intellectual instruction to the adult population, and of their claims upon public attention as a means of advancing morality and diminishing crime, by drawing men from those evil resources which the absence of intellectual culture is sure to Manual of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Mind. By the Rev. JAMES CARLILE, D.D., of Dublin, and Parsonstown. Hall and Co. DR. CARLILE is already nct unknown to fame, having made a respectable appearance in the Republic of Letters. We are happy to meet him again, in his new capacity of writer on Mental and Moral Philosophy. The present publication shows that the subject has been with him one of prolonged and intense study. We think, indeed, in this publication, he has fairly established his claim to a chair in one of the Queen's Colleges, or one of the British Universities. He does not so much profess to have discovered, as to have adjusted previous discoveries, corrected errors, supplemented deficiencies, and given a clear, copious, popular digest of the whole. He entertains, in common with all cultivated men, a profound respect for the Scotch Mental Philosophers, beginning with Reid, and going down to Sir William Hamilton-a name worthy of the illustrious names which have preceded it. The models he professes to have set before him were well selected, such as Herschell on "Astronomy," the best digest on that subject in any language, and Paley's "View of the Evidences of Christianity"-incompara. bly the best piece of historical reasoning extant. Paley added but little to his predecessors in truth, whether in regard to this, or "Natural Theology," or even "Moral Philosophy." It was not his province to add so much as to perfect and to popularize. The mind of the Archdeacon was powerful and penetrating, but its power consisted in dealing with things already existing, examining their qualities, properties, magnitudes, and relations. A blaze of light itself, it invested everything with its own atmosphere; and without literally adding one new truth of Christian Evidence, Natural Theology, or Moral Science, he did more than any man of his time to collect, combine, arrange, and exhibit pre-existing knowledge in a manner to great distinguishing feature of Paley was artistic; as an artist he had no superior. As a clear, elegant, English writer, he was the founder of a school. Dr. Carlile has shown his sense by his selection of such a model. This work, he tells us, was suggested in the course of preparing some essays on the interpretation and application of the Old Testament Scriptures; an attempt to ascertain in what the image of God in the soul consisted, suggested the necessity of comparing what we know of the soul by our own consciousness, with what is revealed of God in the Scriptures, and the author soon found the train of thought into which he was led passed beyond the bounds of an essay fitted to hold a subordinate place in such a work as he contemplated; and hence he resolved to prepare a separate work on the mind, to which he could afterwards refer. Such was the origin of the publication, which adds somewhat to the interest with which it will be received. It is the work of a man who fears God and loves truth, and hence it is an improvement upon its predecessors in this respect, with the sole exception of the excellent work of the late Dr. Payne-a man in divers respects like-minded. The work does not enter on the consideration of the moral nature or state of man. This, however, should encouragement be given, and life be prolonged, he contemplates, in a subsequent publication; and we confess the success with which the present attempt has been attended, is such as to excite a wish that the desire of his heart might be accomplished. This is a work which, while adapted to the schools of wisdom, deserves a place in the Family Library, and has claims to a place on a catalogue of the best books to be recommended to all young men. He writes as a man in the presence of God, avowing that his |