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Assuming that the vessel was circular, the proportions of the diameter and circumference are not sufficiently exact for mathematical purposes; nor are we able to decide whether the diameter was measured from the internal or the external edge of the vessel. The shape of the vessel has been variously conceived to be circular and polygonal, cylindrical and hemispherical, with perpendicular and with bulging sides. The contents are given as 2000 baths in 1 K. vii. 26, and 3000 baths in 2 Chr. iv. 5, the latter being a corrupt text. Lastly, the length of the cubit is undefined, and hence every estimate is attended with suspicion. The conclusions drawn have been widely different, as might be expected. If it be assumed that the form of the vessel was cylindrical (as the description primâ facie seems to imply), that its clear diameter was 10 cubits of the value of 19.051 English inches each, and that its full contents were 2000 baths, then the value of the bath would be 4-8965 gallons; for the contents of the vessel would equal 2,715,638 cubic inches, or 9793 gallons. If, however, the statement of Josephus (Ant. viii. 3, § 5), as to the hemispherical form of the vessel, be adopted, then the estimate would be reduced. Saigey, as quoted by Boeckh (p. 261), on this hypothesis calculates the value of the bath at 18 086 French litres, or 3·9807 English gallons. All the other computations agree in one point, viz., that the bath fell far below the value set on it by Josephus, and by modern writers in Hebrew archæology generally, according to whom the bath measured between 8 and 9 English gallons.

Josephus identifies the bath with the metrêtês, the chief Attic liquid measure (8 galls. 5'12 pints). The cor (or homer) is made by him equal to 10 Attic medimni (the medimnus being nearly a bushel and a half), and by Jerome to 30 Roman modii (the modius being nearly a quarter of a bushel). But the statements of these writers, and of Epiphanius (de Mensuris) are full of such glaring errors and inconsistencies, as to raise the question whether the identification of the bath with the metrêtês did not arise out of the circumstance that the two measures held the same relative position in the scales, each being subdivided into 72 parts; and again, whether the assignment of 30 modii to the cor did not arise out of there being 10 seahs in it. Assuming, however, that Josephus was right in identifying the bath with the metrêtês, its value would be, according to Boeckh's estimate of the latter, 1993-95 Paris cubic inches, or 8.7053 English gallons; but according to the estimate of Bertheau (Gesch. p. 73), 1985-77 Paris cubic inches, or 8.6696 English gallons.

The Rabbinists furnish data of a different kind for calculating the value of the Hebrew measures. They estimated the log to be equal to six hen eggs, the cubic contents of which were ascertained by measuring the amount of water they displaced (Maimonides, in Cel. 17, § 10). On this basis Thenius estimated the log at 14.088 Paris cubic inches, or 06147 English gallons, and the bath at 1014 39 Paris cubic inches, or 4.4286 gallons (St. u. Kr. pp. 101, 121). Again, the log of water is said to have weighed 108 Egyptian drachme, each equaling 61 barleycorns1 (Maimonides, in Peah, 3, § 6, ed. Guisius). Thenius finds that 6588 barleycorns fill about the same space as 6 hen eggs (St. u. Kr. p. 112). And again, a log is said to fill a vessel 4 digits long, 4

17 In the table the weight of the log is given as 104 drachms; but in this case the contents of the log are supposed to be wine.

The relative weights of water and wine were as 27 to 26.

broad, and 27 high (Maimonides, in Præf. Menachota). This vessel would contain 21.6 cubic inches, or 07754 gallon. The conclusion arrived at from these data would agree tolerably well with the first estimate formed on the notices of the molten sea.

As we are unable to decide between Josephus and the Rabbinists, we give a double estimate of the various denominations, adopting Bertheau's estimate of the metrêtês:

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In the New Testament we have notices of the following foreign measures :-(a) The metrêtês (John ii. 6; A. V. "firkin ") for liquids. (b) The choenix (Rev. vi. 6; A. V. measure"), for dry goods. (c) The xestês, applied, however, not to the particular measure so named by the Greeks, but to any small vessel, such as a cup (Mark vii. 4, 8; A. V. "pot "). (d) The modius, similarly applied to describe any vessel of moderate dimensions (Matt. v. 15; Mark iv. 21; Luke xi. 33; A. V. “bushel"); though properly meaning a Roman measure, amounting to about a peck.

The value of the Attic metrêlês has been already stated to be 8.6696 gallons, and consequently the amount of liquid in six stone jars, containing on the average 24 metrêtœ each, would exceed 110 gallons (John ii. 6). Very possibly, however, the Greek term represents the Hebrew bath, and, if the bath be taken at the lowest estimate assigned to it, the amount would be reduced to about 60 gallons. Even this amount far exceeds the requirements for the purposes of legal purification, the tendency of Pharisaical refinement being to reduce the amount of water to a minimum, so that a quarter of a

log would suffice for a person. The question is one simply of archæological

interest, as illustrating the customs of the Jews, and does not affect the character of the miracle with which it is connected.

The chanix was 1-48th of an attic medimnus, and contained nearly a quart. It represented the amount of corn for a day's food; and hence a chanix for a penny (or denarius), which usually purchased a bushel (Cic. Verr. iii. 81), indicated a great scarcity (Rev. vi. 6).

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"Denarius of Tiberius The Tribute Penny."

Obv. TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS. Head of Tiberius, laureate, to the right (Matt. xxii. 19, 20, 21). Rev. PONTIF MAXIM. Seated female figure to the right. "Whose is this image and superscription! They say unto him, ('æar's."-Matt. xxii. 21

INDEX.

AARON.

AARON, 137.

A.

Appointed one
of the leaders of Israel, 142.
Oppressed by Pharaoh, 142
Sees God, 171. With his
sons anointed to the priest-
hood, 175. His opposition
to Moses, 186. His disobe-
dience, 197. His death, 199.
His tomb, 200. As high-
priest, 235, 237.
Abarim, mountains of, 202.
Abdon, the twelfth judge, 358.
Abednego, 610.

Abel, his name, 31. His sacri-
fice and death, 32.

Abel beth- maacah, its posi-
tion, 462.

Abel-shittim, its position, 205
Abi (or Abijah), mother of
Hezekiah, 561.
Abiah, son of Samuel, 375.

the high-priest, 389.
Abiathar, son of Ahimelech, in
David's camp, 409. High-
priest, 435, 436, 443, 446.
He supports Adonijah, 456.
Banished, and deposed from
the priesthood, 46, 479.
Abib, 260.
Abigail, David's sister, 408.

wife of Nabal, 410, 411.
Married to David, 411.
Abihail, wife of Rehoboam,
508.

Abihu, sees God, 171. Death
of, 181.
Abijah, son of Rehoboam, 508.
His reign, 509.

son of Jeroboam, his
early death, 513.
Abimelech, king of Gerar,
85.

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Abishag the Shunammite, 468. Adoram, 443.

Abishai, nephew of David, Adrammelech, son of Sen
398, 407, 411, 429, 430. His

nacherib, 579.

Agag, taken prisoner by Saul,
392. Slain, 394.

victory over the Edomites, Adullam, cave of, 288.
440, 413, 449, 458, 462.
Abital, wife of David, 433.
Abner, uncle of Saul, 391, 411. Agur, son of Jakeh, 501.
Proclaims Ish-bosheth as Ahab, king of Israel, reign of
king, 428.
519-528.

Endeavors to

conquer Judah, 429. His -, son of Kolaiah, 598.
death, 430, 443.
Ahasuerus, 633, 634.
Abraham, 67, 69, 71. His call, Ahaz, king of Judah, 558.
70. God's second promise to Ahaziah, king of Judah, his
him, 71. Third promise, 73. reign, 538. His death, 511.
He rescues Lot, 74. God's, king of Israel, son of
fourth promise to him, 75, 76.
Change of his name,78. Re-
newal of the covenant, 78.

Ahab, his league with Je-
hoshaphat, 530. His reign,
530,531.

His title of the friend of Ahijah the Shilonite, 497, 514.
God," 82. Appearance of Ahikam, counselor of Josiah,
the three men" to him, 83. 592.

Dwells at Beer-sheba, 85. Ahimaaz, 459, 460.
Birth of his son Isaac, S5, Ahimelech the high-priest,
86. Commanded to sacrifice 406-408.

Isaac, 86, 87. His return Ahinoam, wife of Saul, 390.
from Beer-sheba, SS. Pur- wife of David, 411.
chases the cave of Machpe-Ahio, son of Abinadab, 434.
lah, SS. His death, 89. Ahithophel of Gilo, 443, 455,
Abram (see Abraham).
458.
Absalom, son of David, 433, Aholiab, 175, 226.
453, 454. His plot against
his father, 454-460.
Accad, foundation of, 62.
Accho, or 'Akka, plain of, 342.
Achaziah (see Ahaziah).
Achish, king of Gath, 412, 413,
417.

Achon, unfaithfulness of,
303.

Ai, attacked by the Israelites,
302. Taken, 303.
Ain Awárah, 164.
Ain-esh Shebâbeh, 195.
Ain-jalûd, fountain of, 289.
Akabah, Gulf of, 193, 200.
Akka, plain of (see Accho).
302,"Akra," the (see Moriah).
Altar of Burnt-offering in the
tabernacle, 229. In Solo-
mon's temple, 485.
Altar of Incense in the taber-
nacle, 229.
In Solomon's
temple, 484.

Achor (see Achon, 254).
Achsah, daughter of Caleb, 303.
Adam, his creation, 20, 21.
Placed in Paradise, 22. His
temptation and fall, 26, 27.
His punishment, 27.
descendants, 34.

son of preceding, 95, 96. Adar, 269.

son of Gideon, 350. Suc- Adino (see Jashobeam).

His

ceeds in establishing a king- Admah, 73. Destruction of, 84.

dom at Shechem, 351. His Adonai, 24.
death, 353. Commonly reck-Adoni-bezek, 319.

Alush, 165.
Amalek, 166.

Amalekites, their origin, 166
Doomed to ultimate extinc-
tion, 166. Defeat the Israel-
ites, 183. Saul commanded
to destroy the, 392.

oned as the sixth judge, 353. Adoni-zedec, king of Jerusa-Amariah the high-priest, 529,
Abinadab, a Levite, 374

son of Jesse, 395, 338.
son of Saul, 418.

Abiram, rebellion of, 191.
son of Hiel, 801.

lem, makes a league against
Gibeon, 304. His death, 306.
Adonijah, son of David, 433,

Amasa, captain of the host,
458, 460, 462. His death
462.

453. His conspiracy, 466. Amasai, David's nephew, 402
467. His death, 468. Amasis, king of Egypt, 616.

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Assyria, early importance of,
62. Its first connection with
Israel, 554, 555.
Astarte (see Baal).

Ammon, origin of race of, 84.
Ammonites, their name and Astyages, 615 (see Darius).
history, 91, 92. Defeated by Athaliah, wife of Jehor m, 537.
Jephthah, 355, 356. Defeat- Her usurpation and death,
ed by Saul, 386. Conquered 542, 543.
by David, 452.

Amorites, the, 80.

Atonement, the Day of, 267.
Aminon, son of David, 433, 453. Ayun Mousa, 163.
Amon, king of Judah, 582, 583. Azariah, 593.
Defeat the!
Israelites, 189. Defeated by
the Israelites, 203, 204.
Amos the prophet, 555, 553.

Book of, 676.

Amosis, 135.

Amram, 137.

House of, cho-

sen to perform functions of
priesthood, 235.
Anakim, the giants, 307.
Aner, Amorite prince, 187.
Angels at Sinai, 170.
Anna, of the tribe of Aser, 123.
Aphek, battle at, 527.
Apries, king of Egypt, 608.
Ar (see Moab).

Arabalı, the, 193, 194, 198.
Arad, king, 198.

Aram, children of, 60.
Aramæan language, 651.
Ararat as the resting-place of
the Ark, 54.

Araunah, the threshing-floor
of, 465.
Argob, 204.

the high-priest, 610.
the prophet exhorts Asa,
517.
Azmaveth, son of Adiel, 443.
Azazel, lot for, 267, 268.

B.

Baal, service of, established in
Israel by Ahab and Jezebel,
519. Overthrown by Elijah,|
522, 523; by Jehoiada, 543.

and Ashtoreth, 341.
Baal-perazim,scene of David's
laughter of the Philistines,

424.

Baalberith, 351.

Baalites, slain by Jehu, 541.
Baal-zephon, 176, 177.

CANON.

army, 442. Member of coun-
cil, 443. Kills Adonijah and
Joab, 468.
Benhadad I., the Syrian king
of Damascus, invades the
north of Israel, 514. Con-
tinues the war, 515.
Benhadad II., his wars with
Ahab, 526, 528. His death,
539. Fall of the empire, 586,
Benhadad III., defeated by Je
hoash, 549.

Benjamin, birth of, 102. Re.
ceives his father's blessing,
123.

Benjamites, extermination of
the, 323-326,

Taken

Ben-oni (see Benjamin).
Berachalı, valley of, 530.
Beth-horon, or Gibeon, battle
of, 304.
Beth-jeshimoth, 205.
Bethel, Jacob at, 98.
by Joshua, 303; by the men
of Ephraim, 320.
Bethesda, Pool of, 472.
Bethuel, son of Nahor, 89.
Bezaleel, artificer of the Tab-
ernacle, 175, 226.
Bezer, 313

Bible, origin of the name, 653.
Bidkar, charioteer of Jehu,
510.

Baasha, his conspiracy, 514. Bildad, friend of Job, 132.
His reign, 514. Massacre of Bilhah, 103. Children of, 114,
his family, 514.
Babel,city of, 61,62.
61-64.

Birs-Nimrûd, 64.
Tower of, Boaz, 327, 328.

Bochim, 321.

Babylon (see Babel). Taken by Books, the historical, 659–667.
Cyrus, 617, 618. Fall of,624, Bozrah, 103.
625.

62.

Bread, unleavened, 262.

Bush, burning of the, 141.

Ark, Noah commanded to pre-
pare the, 45. Meaning of
the word, 51. Construction
and dimensions of the, 51,52. Babylonia,early importance of, Burnt-offerings, 247.
of the Covenant, 175, 182,
232. Captured by the Phil- Balaam the prophet, 205-209.
istines, 372, 373. Brought Balak, son of Zippor, 205–209.
to Jerusalem by David, 434- Barak, the fourth judge with
436. Deposited in the Tem- Deborah, 311-333.
ple, 487.
Baruch, son of Neriah, 594,
595, 607.

Armageddon, battle of, 5-8.
Armenia, as centre of the race
of Noah, 57.

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Day of Atonement, 267.
Dead Sea, the, 294.

Debir, city of, destroyed, 306

ofJudah. First Captivity, Damascus, 79. Made tributa- Deborah, Rachel's nurse, 102.

593, 594. Second Captivity,
596. Third Captivity, 605.
Captivity of Babylon, 610,
sq. Return of the Jews from,
627, 8q.
Carmel, Mount, 283, 292.
Casluhim, the, 376.

Census taken by Aaron, 178-
180.

Chagigal, the, 263, 264.
Chaldee language, 651.
Chaldæan astrologers, 618.
Chaldæan empire (see Baby-
lon).

Chaos, 18.

Charran (see Haran).
Chedorlaomer, king of Elam,
73, 74.

Cherethites, the, 377.

"Cherethites and Pelethites,"
442.

Cherubim in the Tabernacle,
227.

Chiliab, son of David, 433.
Chilion, son of Naomi, 326.
Chimham, son of Barzillai,
462.

Chinneroth, sea of, 306.
Chisleu, 269.

Christ as the angel Jehovah,|
170.

Chronicles, Books of, 662.
Chronological tables of Old
Testament history, 683,689.
Chronology, Scripture, 38-40.
Church, 16.

Chushan-rishathaim, 328.
Circumcision first enjoined, 78,
79, 250.

Cities of refuge, 312, 313.
Clean and unclean animals,
251.

Commandments, Ten, 169, 221.
Commonwealth, Jewish, polit-
ical constitution of, 272.
Confusion of speech, 62.
Congregation, princes of the,
275.

Coriah (see Jehoiachin).
Covenant of works, 171.

with Noah and his race,
45, 49. New, with Abraham,
76. Renewed to the descend-
ants of Abraham, 88.

Creation, the, 16-22.

Cosmos, 17.

Croesus, 616.

Cubit, the, 697.

Cush, 60.

616.

ry to David, 440.
Dan, city of, 322.
Dan receives his father's bless-
ing, 122.

Daniel, 593. His relations with
Nebuchadnezzar, 610-613.
Reproaches Belshazzar, 618.
Last days of, 621, 622. Vis-
ions, dreams, and prophecies
of, 622.

Book of, 674.
Danites (see Micah).
Darius, king of Persia, 631.

-,the prophetess, 331. Reck
oned with Baiak as the fourt)
judge, 331.

and Barak, song of, 333

334.
Dedication of the first born
250.

, the feast of, 269.
Degrees, songs of, 266.
Delilah, 367.
Deluge, 46, 48.

Deuteronomy, Book of, 210
658.

the Median, 619, 620, 621. Devil, the, 27.
Dathan, rebellion of, 191. Digit, the, 698.
David, chief of Saul's body- Dinah, 102.

guard, 391. Anointed by "Dispersion," the, C29.
Samuel, 395. True authori-Doeg, 391, 407, 408. Slays the
ties for his life, 395. De- priests, 408.

scription of, 337. Introduced Dophkah, 165.

to the court of Saul, 398. Dor, 293.

Plays before Saul, 399. Slays Drink-offering, the, 247.
Goliath, 401, 402. Made ar-
mor-bearer to Saul, 402. His
friendship with Jonathan,

402. Saul's jealousy of him,

E.

403. Marries a daughter of Earth, formation of the, 19, 20.
Saul, 404. Escapes from Saul, Ebal, Mount, 211.

404, 405. Flies to Nob, 46. Ebed-melech, the eunuch, 602
Deceives Ahimelech, 406. Ebenezer, 374.

Takes refuge in the cave of Eber, 63.

Adullam, 407. Leaves his Ecclesiastes, Book of, 498, 502.
concealment, and is hunted Ed, altar of, 314.
by Saul, 408. Defeats the Eden, 22.

Again pursued

Philistines, 409. Pursued by Edessa, formerly Ur, 69.
Saul, 409. Reconciliation, Edom, 103, 104. Revolt of, 537.
410. His conduct toward Na- Enmity of, against Judah,
bal, 410, 411.
604. Punishment of, 605.
by Saul, and reconciled to Edomites, the, 198. Their de.
him, 411, 412. Seeks shelter feat by Abishai, 440.
among the Philistines, 412. Edrei, 204.

His

His victory over the Amalek- Eglah, wife of David, 433.
ites, 417. His lamentation Eglon, city of, destroyed, 306.
over Saul and Jonathan, 419, King of, enters into a league
420. Takes Jerusalem, 432. against Gibeon, 304.
Civil administration of, 443. death, 306.
Religious institutions of, 443- Eglon, king of Moab, 329.
447. Family of, 441. Milita-Egypt, Abraham driven into,
ry organization of, 441, 442.
Body-guard of, 442. Heroes
or mighty men of, 442. His
sin with Bathsheba, 449-451.
Pedigree of, 424. Reign of,
427-471. Tomb of, 469. Char-Egyptians pursue the Israel.
acter of, 469-471. Pestilence
in his reign, 469, 470. Builds
an altar to Jehovah, 465.
Makes preparation for build-
ing the Temple, 465, 466.

Cyaxares, king of Media, 595, David, city of, 432.

Psalms of, 421, 436, 470.
Cyrus the Great, 615. Takes Day, use of the word, 18, 19.

Babylon, 619. Decrees the
rebuilding of the Temple,

627.

First, 19.

Second, 19.

72. Commencement of so-
journ of Hebrews in, 109
Seven years' famine in, 111.
112. Names and early his
tory of, 133.

ites, 162. Their destructicr
in the Red Sea, 163.
Ehud, the second judge, 320
330.
El-Abbaseyeh, 161.
El-Arish, 292.

Elah, succeeds his father Be
sha as king of Israel, 514.
Elam, 73.

Third, 20. Fourth, 20. Fifth, Elath, 200, 494.

20. Sixth, 20. Seventh, 21. El-Buttauf, plain of, 290

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