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39. Sanguinis-sacrorum sit. For the genitive, see n. on diti-76 enis, B 1, c. 25.

10. Subituros fuisse. See n. on et se, etc., B. 1, c. 46, and Z.77 § 593, Note.

16. Illine ut, etc., sc. fieri posse, or concedi posse. Suca an ellipsis frequently occurs, in questions expressing indignation; and sometimes even without any interrogative particle. See Z. § 609.

18-20. Cum-sed audeat, etc. Tantum non, almost, in which it frequently occurs, not only in Livy, but in other writers. Alschefski, by an ingenious conjecture reads thus: Cum hostes arcessierint, exercitus-hostes non tantum non patientur, sed audeat, etc. But the sense is clear in the common reading, (which is also the reading of Alschefski's MSS.,) and the grounds for the conjecture seem to me insufficient to warrant its adoption.

CH. III.-34. Viveretis. For the subj. sce A. and S. § 264, 9'; Z. § 568.

44. Quid tandem est. Tandem, in questions, means pray, 1 ask, in the world, expressing impatience. See Z. § 287.

7. Perinde hoc valet-dicat. Perinde tamquam, just as if, 78 exactly as if. Plebeiusne consul fiat, Alschefski reads, plebeius ne, etc., translating ne, that not. But the interrogative form of the clause seems best to agree with what follows: "And does this question, whether a plebeian can be made consul, mean just the same as if some one said that a slave or the son of a slave was to be consul?" 9. Libertinum. Libertinus meant originally the son of a freedman, in distinction from libertus, a freedman, one once a slave but now free; but in the lapse of time, as the distinction between the freeborn and the children of freedmen gradually faded away, there was less occasion for the latter being called libertini, so that finally this word libertinus was also given to persons themselves made free. Thus both libertus and libertinus came to be applied to a freedman, with this distinction, that libertus had reference to the manumission and the relation to the former master, e. g. in such an expression as libertus Augusti, libertinus to the rank of the freedman, and his place in the State. Becker's Röm. Antiqq.; Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 2, p. 580, (1845.)

18. En unquam creditis fando auditum esse, sc. a nobis, Do you then believe that we have ever heard?" On fando audire, see Z. § 220.

22. Tarquinium non modo-sed ne-quidem. See note on this construction, B. 1, c. 40.

38. Fortis ac strenuus. See below, B. 21, c. 4, n. on fortiter, etc. "What 79

CH. IV.-1. Quid postea! then?"

=

quid inde consequitur?

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79 11. Decemviros legibus scribendis. See Z. § 665. A. and S § 275, R. 2, (2.)

16. Paucis his annis, "a few years ago." See Arn. Pr Intr P. I. 311.

17. Pessimo exemplo publico. Alschefski gives this reading on the authority of three of the best MSS., in preference to the reading proposed by Grofovius, pessimo publico. Pessimo publico certainly occurs in Livy, (see B. 2, c. 1, and the note ;) but it seems here to be the meaning of Livy, that the law of the decemvirs furnished a precedent of the greatest injury to the public interests, inasmuch as there were not wanting persons, who were in favor of some such restrictions upon the plebeians at the present time.

21. Ne affinitatibus-caveant, etc. Caveant, not cavent, is the reading of the best MSS.; and, as Alschefski has clearly shown, is required by the connection. The sentence is connected in thought with the sentence below, verum enimvero, etc. "Let them see to it, (or, they may see to it,) that we are not united to them by marriage and relationship, that our blood is not mingled with theirs. How? If that is a stain upon that nobility of yours, could you not preserve its purity by private regulations? &c.; but, verily, that this should be prohibited by law-that, indeed, is insulting to the commons.”—Propinquitas is relationship, in general; affinitas, relation by marriage. Cognatio means relation by blood.-D.

40. Cur non sancitis, etc. This indignant expostulation of the plebeians may be compared with the plea of Shylock for the Jews in Shakspeare's Merchant of Venice, Act 3, Sc. 1: "Hath not a Jew eyes? hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections passions? fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh? if you poison us, do we not die ?"

80 CH. V.-10. In suffragium. On the meaning of suffragium, seo Dict. Antiqq.

12. Si non quantum, etc. "As if you had not twice tried," &c. Bis, in reference to the two instances of the secession of the

commons.

15. An ideo, etc. "Or, was it on that account, that you did not proceed to extremities, because the stronger party was also the more moderate ?"

22. Necessitudinibus. Necessitudo, in distinction from the words noticed above, c. 4, has a wider signification, and means a connection, either official, as that of patronus, collega, or private, as that of amicus.-D.

23. Strenuis et fortibus. See n. on these words, B. 21, c. 4.

CH. VI.—34. Ut-sic. See n. on these words, B. 1, c. 25

42. Ut de connubio ferretur, concessere, “gave their consent to the passage of the law concerning the connubium."

23. Cessisse possessione. On this construction, see Z. 413. But certainly with cedere in the sense of give up, usually is found, Got the accusative, but the abl. of the thing given up.

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BOOK V.

CH. XXXV. THIS chapter, and the following ones selected from this Book, contain Livy's account of the battle of the Alia, and of the invasion of Rome by the Gauls. The whole narrative admirably illustrates the historical style of Livy, and especially that graphic power of description for which he is unrivalled among the ancient historians. It is indeed a series of historical pictures, from the hand of an ancient master, which bring directly before our eyes all the scenes belonging to this period of Roman history. The historian Nienuhr, while ne rejects some of the details in Livy's account of these events, and prefers to follow other writers, yet accords the highest praise to this well-known and masterly narrative, and confesses that criticism cannot impair the imperishable fame of its author. "In his own peculiar excellences, (I quote his own words,) in that richness and warmth of coloring, which many centuries after were the characteristics of the Venetian painters born under the same sky, Livy never shone more brilliantly than in this description: a more vivid one is not to be found in any Latin or Greek historian."-Hist. Rome, vol. 2, p. 544.

9. Adversus Romanos. Adversus means primarily turned towards, and hence as a preposition, means in a hostile sense, against, like contra, or in a friendly, towards, like erga. It here means in respect to.-Freund, and Hand, Turs. 1, p. 187.

CH. XXXVI.-22. Novum nomen, etc. "Novum, i. e. tanquam novum nomen R. quod audiant, sit ipsis novum."-Bauer.

32. Quodnam, etc. The order of translation thus: Cum, Romanis quærentibus, quodnam-arma, et quid-esset, illi-dicerent, etc. 84 8. Ne id—obstabat. Ne with obstare as the more common quominus, "kept them from decreeing" Ambitio, love of favor, has here particular reference to the Fabii and their friends.

10. Cladis-acceptæ. Acceptæ, (not accipiendæ, as proposed by some editors,) because the writer means to represent the evil as something already past, not something which must presently be sustained. Alschefski says, Faber malebat accipienda; quod L. non scripsit, ne diceret videretur illos jam tum cladem imminentem ante oculos habuisse.

CH. XXXVII.-20. Tanta moles mali, "such a heavy calamity."

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22. Quæ-dixisset. For subj. see note on leges, quæ, B. 2, c. 8.84 31. Ultro, "even," i e., that they were not only not punished, but even honored.

34. Ad-tumultum, "at their tumultuous movement, as they rapidly passed by."

41. Quippe quibus-occursum est. Quibus refers to hostium. For the indic. with quippe quibus, see note on B. 3, c. 53. Dr. Arnold, following the account of Diodorus, states that the Romans first crossed the Tiber, expecting to meet the Gauls on the right bank of the river; but on learning that the Gauls were advancing on the left bank, they were obliged to recross the river," and without an instant's delay march out by the Salarian road, in order to encounter the enemy at as great a distance from the city as possible." Hist. Rome, vol. 2, p. 323. In this manner Dr. Arnold accounts for the suddenness with which the battle of the Alia took place. Ib. p. 322, Note 27.

42. Ad undecimum lapidem. The milestones on the Roman roads were called milliaria, from mille passus; also, as here, lapides. Thus ad undecimum lapidem means eleven miles from Rome. The miles were reckoned from the gates of the city. The Via Salaria, the road here referred to, commenced at the Porta Collina. See Dict. Antiqq., Milliarium.

43. Flumen Alia. "It is well known that to identify the famous Alia with any existing stream is one of the hardest problems of Roman topography. Virgil and Livy agree in placing it on the left bank of the Tiber. Westphal says, that something less than eleven miles from Rome there is a small brook with high banks,' and that on the right of the road at this spot you see the village of Marcigliana Vecchia." Arnold's Hist. Rome, vol. 2, p. 323, N. 32. Marcigliana Vecchia is supposed to be the site of the ancient Crustumerium. The mention of the Alia in Virgil occurs in Æn. 7, 717.

CH. XXXVIII.-6. Auspicato—litato. These words, originally 85 ablatives absolute, are here used adverbially. See Z. §§ 266, 647, 648. 8. Æquari frontes poterant; Æquare frontem, a military term, to form a front, to form a line -Freund.

9. Cum extenuando-haberent. A parallel passage in Livy, 31, 21, ut extenuatam mediam diductis cornibus aciem Gallorum vidit.

18. Tantum superanti multitudini. The Gauls were seventy thousand in number, the Romans forty thousand. See Arnold, vol. 1, p. 322; Niebuhr, vol. 2, p. 538.

25. In reliqua acie, etc. The right of the Romans, consisting of the subsidiarii, was posted on hilly ground, the left, consisting of the regular legions, on the plain between the hills and the Tiber, the extreme flank resting on the river. But on account of the course of the river, the left was thrown back behind the right; hence, when the

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