that they were restored to their votes again. The Dolopians at this time being in subjection to the Macedonians, were reckoned but as a part of the kingdom of Macedon; and the Macedonian deputies were said to be their representatives; and the votes, which they had in the council before their incorporating with the Macedonians, were now taken from them and given to the Phocians. The Perrhæbians likewise about the same time became subject to the Macedonians; and so lost their right of sending their representatives to the council; and the Delphians, who had before been represented by the Phocians, were now considered as a distinct and independent city, and were allowed to send their deputies to the council.? In the reign of Augustus Cæsar, after his building the city Nicopolis, he made several alterations in the constitution of this council. He ordered several of the states of Greece, which in former times had been independent, and had sent distinct representatives, to be incorporated into one body, and to send the same representatives; and he gave his new city a right of sending six or eight. Strabo thought that this council was entirely dissolved in his time; but Pausanias, who lived in the time of Antoninus Pius, informs us, that the Amphictyones held their meetings in his time; and that their number of delegates were then thirty. But it is

P Pausan in Phocicis. Strabo. lib. 9.

4 Eschines in Orat. περί παραπρεσβείας

Pausan. in Phocicis,

remarkable, that the ancient constitution of the assembly was entirely broken;' many cities sent but one deputy, and some of the ancient cities had only turns in sending; they were not suffered to send all of them to one and the same council, but it was appointed that some should send their deputies to the vernal meeting, and some to the autumnal. I suppose, that when Greece was become subject to the Roman state, Augustus thought it proper to lessen the power and authority of the council of the Amphictyones; that they might not be able to debate upon, or concert measures to disturb the Romans, or recover the ancient liberties of Greece. It might not perhaps be proper to suppress their meeting; but he took care to have so many new votes in the Roman interest introduced, and the number of the ancient members, who might have the Grecian affairs at heart, so lessened; that nothing could be attempted here to the prejudice of the Romans; and, perhaps, this was all that Strabo meant by hinting that Augustus dissolved this council. He did not deprive the Grecians of a council which bore this name; but so far new-modelled it, that it was far from being in reality what it appeared to be; being in truth, after Augustus' time, rather a Roman faction, than a Grecian assembly meeting for the benefit of the Grecian states. And in a little time the Amphictyones were not permitted to intermeddle with affairs of state at all; but reduced to have only

s Pausan. in Phocicis.

some small inspection over the rites and ceremonies of religion practised in the temples, under their cognizance; and thus upon abolishing the heathen superstitions by Constantine, this assembly fell of course. The ancient writers are not unanimously agreed about the place where the Amphictyones held their meeting. That they met at first at Thermopyla is undeniable; and in later ages a temple was built there to Ceres Amphictyoneis,' in which they held their assemblies; but after the temple of Delphos was taken into their protection, it is thought by some writers that the Amphictyones met alternately, one time at Thermopyla, the next time at Delphos, then at Thermopylæ, &c. Sir John Marsham endeavours to argue from Pausanias," that the Amphictyones, who met at Delphos, were a different council from that of the same name, which met at Thermopyla. But the learned Dean Prideaux has shewn this to be a mistake; Pausanias' words not necessarily inferring the two councils to be different; and many other good writers attesting that they were the same; and that the Amphictyones did meet at Delphos one time, and at Thermopyla another. Strabo mentions a meeting held in the temple of Neptune, in the island Calauria, to which seven neighbouring cities sent their deputies; this meeting was called by the name

Herodot. lib. 7, c. 200. Pausan. in Phocicis.

• Marsham Can. Chron. p.116. Pausan. inAchiacis,c.24. * Prideaux not. Historic. ad Chronic. Marmor. Ep. 5. ý Stabo. lib. 8, p. 374.

Amphictyonia, most probably, because it was instituted in imitation of the famous council so called; but this meeting, and that council, were never taken to be the same.

a

b

Hellen the son of Deucalion reigned at Phthia, a city of Thessaly, about A. M. 2484, and his people were called Hellenes from his name; before his time they were called Græci or Græcians, most probably from Graicus the father of Thessalus. Many ancient writers agree with the Marble in this remark; Apollodorus, Aristotle, and Pliny, and the scholiast upon Lycophron; but it should be observed from them all, that neither Hellenes, nor Græci, were at first the names of the inhabitants of the whole country called Greece in after-ages, but only of a part of it. The ancient Græci were those whom Hellen called after his name; and Hellen was a king of part of Thessaly, and only his people were the ancient Hellenes. Thus Pausanias remarks, that Hellas, which in later ages was the name of all Greece, was at first only a part of Thessaly; namely that part where Hellen reigned. In Homer's time, Hellas was the name of the country near to Phthia; and it was then used in so extended a sense, as to comprehend all the subjects of Achilles ; who were two small nations besides the Hellenes, namely, the Myrmidons, and the Pelasgian Achæans ;* nay it took in the country round about the Pelasgian

.

Argos; for Homer places this Argos in the middle

of it,

Ανδρος τα κλεος ευρυ καθ' Ελλαδα καὶ μεσον Αργά.

g

But it is remarkable that Homer never calls all Greece by the name of Hellas, nor the Græcians in general Hellenes; because, according to Thucydides' observation, none but the subjects of Achilles had this name in Homer's days. Strabo indeed opposes this remark of Thucydides; and cites Archilochus and Hesiod to prove, that the inhabitants of all Greece were called Hellenes, before the time of Homer; but Archilochus was much later than Homer, and the verse cited from Hesiod falls short of proving what Strabo infers from it. The descendants of Hellen were the founders of many very flourishing families, who in time, and by degrees, spread into all the countries of Greece; and in length of time came to have so great an interest, as to have an order made that none could be admitted as a candidate at the Olympic games, who was not descended from them. Therefore Alexander the Great, according to Herodotus, was obliged to prove himself to be a Hellen, before he could be admitted to contend for any prize in these games. And from the time of making this

k

f Odyss. 1. v. 344.

Strabo. lib. 8. p. 370.

Thucyd. Hist. lib. 1.

See Prideaux not. Hist. ad Chron. Marm. Ep. 6.

Herodot. lib. 5, chap. 22.