בִימֵיהֶם ¬byn (xxiv. 31), Dye (Ps. xliv. 2). [Except two, Da Man (Ex. xv. 11), by-ba (Job viii. 29).] T<: N.B. From the foregoing rules it will be understood that if the latter of two words have neither the tone nor semi-tone on the first syllable, or if the former end in any open syllable except ā, āh, or eh, then the dagesh conjunctionis is not used, e.g. (Numb. xxiii. 11), No (Ezek. xv. 11), 5 (ver. 21), † 'n'iyy (Neh. v. 15). 6. But, if the first word be mil'el and end in u, and the next word begin with a sibilant or liquid, and an accentuated syllable, dagesh conjunctionis is used, as (Hos. viii. 10). Also is and (Gen. xix. 14), Dyp bon take dagesh after xix. 2, Judg. xviii. 19, 1 Sam. viii. 19, Esth. vi. 13. in Gen. Delitzsch1 gives 17 exceptions to the above rules, confirmed by the Massóreth, viz. Ex. xv. 1, 21, xv. 11, 13, 16, Deut. xxxii. 6, 15, Is. liv. 12, Jer. xx. 9, Ps. lxxvii. 16, xciv. 12, cxviii. 5, 18, Job v. 27, Dan. iii. 2, 3, V. 11. C. Orthophonic Dagesh. 1. When a word ending with a liquid, is joined by magqeph or a conjunctive accent to a word beginning with the same liquid, the initial liquid of the latter word should take orthophonic dagesh, as D-ON y (xxxiv. 3), 11 (Ex. xxxiii. 11), y Sam) (Ezr. vi. 5). (Gen. xiv. 23), 2. (a) When ii. 6, Prov. xxv. 17), or (8) Whenever conjunctive accent, the S come together (as Gen. xxxviii. 9, Hab. i. 6, (as Deut. xxxii. 5), takes dagesh. לו is preceded by the word with a takes dagesh (e.g. Ex. vi. 10, 29, xiii. 1, xiv. 1). 1 This Excursus is (with a few modifications) merely an epitome of Delitzsch De primarum vocabulorum literarum da gessatione, in his Preface to Baer's edition of the Text of Proverbs. EXCURSUS IV. SOME OF THE USES OF SIMAN RAPHEH. Siman rapheh (a small horizontal line placed over a letter to show that it has no dagesh) is abundantly used in some MSS. and Edd., and in others hardly at all. In none is it used uniformly. 1. It is used to indicate the intentional omission of a grammatical DAGESH FORTE, (a) after the def. art. as □ (Gen. vii. 4)—but Baer omits it in ver. 23-to show that the yūd is not dageshed as it is in y? (Is. xiv. 26): so too frequently with, as npwy xxii. 12), '15↳ (lxv. 11).—(6) After he interrog. as in (Amos : הַמְעשקה (Is. v. 25).—(y) After min as (Gen. xlvii. 21), comp. vi. 16, xxv. 23. —(8) In the middle of Pi'elistic (or dageshed) forms, as 'p" (Gen. xxvi. 14), D (Is. xlii. 16), so p (Hos. vii. 10), but p (v. 15), ♫ pan from maggel, but on the contrary INDIA (Jon. iii. 6), comp. Is. xiv. 10, &c., from cissē.—(e) With other dageshed forms such as xxii, 10); (Gen. xviii. 5), (Job xix. 24), ♬♬ (Is. ♫ for tè'āmán-nāh (Is. lx, 4), ♫ (Amos v. 11), and (Jon. i. 15).—(5) To avoid the doubling of a letter before an : anomalous dagesh lene as (Jon. iv. 11), comp. Zech. iv. 12.— (7) To show, in cases where a quiescent yud or aleph is omitted after segōl, that the following letter is not to be doubled, as an (Job xvii. 5), comp. Mic. iii. 12, Zech. i. 17, v. 9.—(0) To mark the omission of the dagesh forte in the objective suffix écā, as (Is. xxxviii. 19), comp. lviii. 8, Job v. 19, Obad. ver. 3, Prov. iii. 3, xxix. 17. 2. Siman Rapheh is also used: (a) to mark the anomalous omission of DAGESH LENE after a quiescent sheva, as in (xlviii. 13), (Gen. xxxii. 18), yiq-bhéca (Deut. xv. 4), but xvi. 13 without the siman rapheh, and so too big-dhó (Hag. ii. 12, Prov. xx. 16), but No77 neg-dhāh-nā (Ps. cxvi. 18), where the omission of dagesh conjunct. in the nun shows that in such cases the shova is quiescent (see 111. B. 3, N.B.), ▷1¶¶ mar-bhaddím (Prov. vii. 16, xxxi. 22).—(ß) Or after a moving sheva as see also examples in 11. C. 4.—(7) To emphasize the correct omission of a dagesh lene, as " (Is. lv. 3), as contrasted with the anomalous D (which in our present texts is found in Lam. iii. 22, 2 Chron. vi. 42), comp. Gen. xix. 33, Ps. xviii. 13, (Job iv. 13), xlv. 9, lxxvi. 4, 77 (ex. 3), 5 np (Is. v. 28), ♫ (xvii. 11). 3. Siman Rapheh is often used (a) to show that the letter after shūrüq written defectivè () is not to be doubled, as 5 (Gen. xxiv. 39), ♫Sya (xx. 3), Mly (xviii. 16), p (Job xi. 15); comp. Is. xv. 4, xlix. 20, Mic. iv. 3, Zech. i. 13, Gen. xxxi. 26, &c.; xxi. 10), (Is. (Gen. xlvi. 22), and so often to distinguish between roots of the form of and; such is the case also in (Ps. xliv. 11), (lx. 4). Or, to prevent the doubling of a letter ז| ז after chiriq written defectivè, as y (Is. xvii. 6), (Zech. vii. 3). (B) To distinguish between conjugations, as וימח (Gen. vii. 23) to show that it is Qal, not Niphal, p (Joel ii. 16), (Gen. xlii. 16), pin (Is. xxxv. 4) as being Impert. Qal, TIT not Perf. Pi'el. (7) To distinguish between like words, e. g. "whither" (Zech. xvi. 8) and even (Ps. cxxxix. 7) as differ "why"; to distinguish (Ps. xxvi. 2) as being from Rt. bāchán, and not the infin. of chanán; the subst. Y amçáh (Zech. xii. 5) from the Imperative Pi'el; (Job xv. 29) to show that is not (Hos. viii. 10) to show that the root is not näthán. (8) To prevent the involuntary doubling of a consonant after an accentuated short vowel, as in (Job vii. 14); Zech. xiii. 5, Ps. xxx. 4, xxxi. 9, cxxxix. 1, Job ix. 19, xli. 3; (Gen. xli. 21); tinguished from vowel as (ver. 8), (Is. li. 13), in "thy dove" (Ps. lxxiv. 19) as dis "she will teach thee"; or even after a long gāmāç is merely euphonic. to show that the 4. Siman Rapheh is also used with final hẽ, (a) to show that though soft it is equivalent to asi (Numb. xv. 31); (B) to show that the he is really quiescent (and not equivalent to) Zech. iv. 7, or to show that it is equivalent to N, Zech. ix. 8. Comp. Is. xviii. 5, xxi. 3, xxii. 17, 18, xxx. 32, lxv. 18, Job xxxi. 22, xxxix. 13, Hos. ii. 13, ix. 10, Amos i. 11, Hab. iii. 11, Zeph. ii. 14, Prov. xii. 28, xxi. 22, &c. 5. To indicate that the initial letter of a word is purposely without dagesh, and that the rules given in Excurs. III. have not been overlooked. From the foregoing examples it will be seen that (as in the case of metheg, and the sign for qamaç) the utility of Siman rapheh is much impaired by its being used for diametrically opposite purposes. CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. & SON, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. |