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fossil bearing, which occur in these two territories are, clay-slate, limestone, grauwakke, grauwakkeslate, transition-sandstone, and sandstone-slate limestone and clay-slate alternate with each other. Sandstone-slate and sandstone lie regularly the uppermost in the suite. Grauwakke and grauwakke-slate are only in the locality at the northern end of the Myosen, where they form broad zones from east to west, alternating with zones of limestone.

In

The unstratified rocks are granite and syenite (both with and without zircon); many varieties of greenstone, such as diorite, granitic amphibolite, and aphanite; also red and black porphyry of many varieties, basaltic mandlestein, and porphyry conglomerate. In the Upland territory these rocks are not so abundant as in the Christiania territory; porphyry and smaller masses of granite and of greenstone varieties are more common. the Christiania territory, one third of the whole area consists of granite and syenite; and two of the districts consisting entirely of this rock (granite and syenite being only varieties passing into each other) contain each about 200 square miles. These masses are considered by the Professor to have been produced at once-at one ejection of the fluid matter and that they neither under nor over lie the stratified formations adjacent, but are in juxta-position, standing side by side. Where the secondary rocks come in contact with these masses the black compact limestone with its embedded fossils is found changed into a white

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crystalline marble, the clay-slate into flint-slate and jasper; and these changes diminishing with the distance from the great mass may be traced even to the extent of an English mile from it. On this line of contact, the iron ores which are worked in the district are principally found. The porphyry, mandelstein, and basaltic formations, occupy an area in these two territories not less than the granitic, but are considered by the Professor to be of a distinct origin, being far more superficial, not extending downwards through the secondary formation, but merely resting as layers or beds upon it, and not changing it where in contact.

These geological fields in this peninsula are so bare of covering, that few localities are more instructive, and more open to the observer. To point out where they are situated is all the traveller can attempt.

CHAPTER X.

WILL THE DYNASTY OF VASA OR OF BERNADOTTE FINALLY

PREVAIL IN SWEDEN? -STATE OF THE QUESTION. SMALL

KINGS. SWEDISH HISTORY FROM THE ASSASSINATION OF GUSTAVUS III. CHARLES XIII. CHARACTER AND CONGUSTAVUS IV.

DUCT.

CHARACTER.- DIET.

PRINCE

OF AUGUSTENBURG. CANDIDATES FOR THE SUCCESSION. BERNADOTTE. — VIEWS OF PARTIES AT HIS ELECTION.— PERMANENCY OF THE NEW DYNASTY CONSIDERED. - PARTIES OPPOSED TO IT. THE LEGITIMATE.—THE LUTHERAN. -THE LIBERAL. MISTAKEN POLICY OF THE NEW DYNASTY. OPPOSITION TO LIBERAL INSTITUTIONS. FERSECUTION OF THE PRESS. CAPTAIN LINDENBERG. AWKWARD DILEMMA OF GOVERNMENT FROM HIS HEROISM.CHARACTER OF HIS MAJESTY. FALSE PRINCIPLE OF HIS POLICY. ACQUISITION OF NORWAY ADVERSE ΤΟ THE CHANCE OF RETAINING THE SWEDISH CROWN.-CALMAR UNION. WHY INEFFECTIVE. POLICY OF RUSSIA. PO

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LICY OF EUROPE. - POLICY OF ENGLAND.

WILL the Swedish crown descend in the dynasty of Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, or revert, on his demise, to that of Gustaf Ericksson Vasa? The question is of great political interest. It involves that fundamental principle of legitimacy – - the inalienable right of the hereditary sovereigns of Europe to their thrones, and brings it to issue in a kingdom of secondary power in the present European system, which cannot, like Britain or France, hold a course independent of other states. If the first step in the improvement of the social condition of modern Europe was wresting the sword from the great feudal nobility and extinguishing their

right of private wars, the next and one taken in our own day - has been reducing these secondary powers of Europe, the small kings, to similar restraints of equity and general policy, and depriving them also of the appeal to arms on every discordant claim. Who that traces the wars of the last three centuries will regret that the second-rate sovereigns are now reduced to a strength adequate to defensive, but not to offensive, operation, that the peace of Europe is now in the keeping of its five great powers, not at the discretion of any of its other eight-and-forty independent states, and that such powers as Sweden, Denmark, Saxony, would no more be allowed at the present day to disturb the world with their hostilities, than Hamburgh and Lubeck, or Henry the Sixty-second and Henry the Seventy-second ?* It may be hailed as a cheering mark of the advance of society, of the increasing influence of principle in its political affairs, that such a question as the succession to the Swedish crown, which even in the last century would have been regarded as one which must embroil Europe, and be decided by the ultima

Many English readers may not know that Europe can boast of two independent potentates of such high antiquity as these numbers denote. Six square German miles, and a population of 17,385 souls, rejoice in a sixty-second Henry, the reigning Prince of Reus-Schleitz; and still more felicitous are seven and three quarters square miles, and 15,300 souls, in a seventysecond Henry reigning over Reus Lobenstein Ebersdorf. On the ordinary calculation of 25 years to a reign, Henry the First of this long name and race must have flourished about the commencement of our era!

ratio regum, the issue of war, is now a matter which must be referred to public opinion, must be discussed and settled as peaceably as a succession of private heritage, and with only the difference that policy as well as equity may enter into the adjustment.

Few English readers have followed the course of Swedish affairs during the last forty years. In the storm of the French Revolution men paid little attention to what was passing in other countries. The assassination of Gustavus III., father of the late exking of Sweden, was one of those events almost overlooked in the hurried succession of others more important to Europe. The assassin Ankerstrom appears to have had no injuries to avenge, to have been no political or religious fanatic, no madman, but simply a cold-blooded murderer, who had miscalculated the political position or wishes of those who would gain by his crime, and the circumstances on which he had relied for his escape and their protection and secret favour. He shot the King at a masquerade in the Opera-house about midnight on the 16th of March, 1792. In a recent Swedish publication the following anecdote is given it points out the direction which public suspicion has taken: - When the King felt himself wounded, his first care was to send his confidential page De Besche to communicate the event to his brother, the Duke of Sudermania, probably, says the writer, to ascertain how deeply wounded the fraternal heart would be by the tidings. The Duke's court establishment had supped and retired

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