Of beauty sing, her shining progress view, From clime to clime the dazzling light pursue. We shall meet Granville. In happier climes and on a safer shore. Addison. Health to vigorous bodies, or fruitful seasons in temperate climes, are common and familiar blessings. Atterbury. Heart on her lips, and soul within her eyes, Soft as her clime and sunny as her skies. Byron. CLINCH, v. a. & n. s. Į Sax. clyniga, to CLI'NCHER, n. s. knock. To hold in the hand with the fingers bent over it; to bend the point of a nail in the other side, to confirm ; to fix, as to clinch an argument, to contract or double the fingers. That part of a cable which is fastened to the ring of the anchor. A cramp; a holdfast; a piece of iron bent down to fasten planks. Such as they are I hope they will prove, without a clinch, luciferous; searching after the nature of light. Boyle. Pure clinches the suburbian muse affords, Simois rolls the bodies and the shields Pope. The wimbles for the work Calypso found; With those he pierced 'em, and with clinchers bound. Id. Their tallest trees are about seven feet high, the tops whereof I could but just reach with my fist clinched. Swift. CLINCH, a navigable river of the United States, in the Tennassee government; which rises in the Cumberland mountains, Virginia, and running south-west, crosses the divisional line; thence meandering south-west by west for about 200 miles, unites with the Tennassee, fifteen miles below the Holstein. CLINCHING, in sea language, a kind of slight caulking used at sea, in anticipation of foul weather, about the posts: it consists in driving a little oakum into their seams, to prevent the water coming in at them. CLING, v. n.Į Dan. klynger. To hang CLINGY, adj. upon by twining round; to stick to; to hold fast upon. To adhere, as followers or friends. To dry up; to consume; to waste; to pine away, Leclungen tɲeop, a withered tree. The broil long doubtful stood; Shakspeare. If thou speakest false, Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive, fill famine cling thee. Id. Macbeth. Most popular consul he is grown, methinks: How the rout cling to him! Ben Jonson's Cataline. The fontanel in his neck was descried by the clinging of his hair to the plaster. Wiseman's Surgery. When they united and together clung, When undistinguished in one heap they hung. Blackmore. CLINICK. That they may the closer ching, A Take your blue ribbon for a string. Swift. CLINICAL, adj. Į Gr. λvw, to lie down. } those that are sick, past hopes of recovery. Those that keep their beds; clinical lecture is a discourse upon a disease, made by the bed of the patient. A clinical convert, one that is converted on his death-bed. This word occurs often in the works of Taylor. CLINK, v. a., v. n. & n. s. perhaps softened from clank, or corrupted from click. To strike so as to make a small sharp noise; to utter a small, sharp, interrupted, noise. A sharp, successive noise; a knocking. It seems in Spenser to have some unusual sense. I believe the knocker of a door. Privily he peeped out through a chink. I heard the clink and fall of swords. Spenser. Prior. Underneath the umbrella's oily shed, Safe through the wet on clinking pattens tread. Gay's Trivia. CLINOMETER, an instrument for measuring the dip of mineral strata. It was originally invented by R. Griffith, Esq. professor of Geology to the Dublin Society, and subsequently modified by Mr. Jardine and lord Webb Seymour. CLINOPODIUM, field-basil, a genus of the gymnospermia order, didynamia class of plants; natural order forty-first, asperifolia. The involucrum consists of many small bristles under the virticillus or whirl of flowers: CAL. two lipped: coR. upper lip, flat and inversely heart-shaped. There are three species, herbaceous plants, growing from one to two feet high. They are remarkable only for their strong odor, being somewhat between marjorum and basil. CLI'NQUANT, adj. Fr. Dressed in cmbroidery, in spangles, false glitter, tinsel finery. To-day the French All clinquant, all in gold, like heathen gods, CLINTON (Sir Henry), an eminent English general, and knight of the bath, was the grandson of Francis earl of Lincoln. He became a captain of the guards in 1758, and in July 1766 we find him a lieutenant-general in America. He took an active part during the unfortunate war with that country; but some misunderstanding having taken place betwixt Sir Henry and Lord Cornwallis, the general, after his return to England, published a narrative of his conduct, which was replied to by his lordship, and vindicated by the general. In 1784 he published a farther defence of his conduct; and in 1795 he was appointed governor of Gibraltar, but died soon after. CLINTON, a county of New York, in the north-east corner, bounded on the east by lake Champlain, on the north by Canada, on the west by Harkemer, and on the south by Washington. It is divided into five townships; viz. Platts burg, the capital, Crown-point, Williamborough, Peru, and Champlain. Its form is a parallelogram. It is ninety-six miles long from north to south, and thirty-seven broad from east to west. In 1799 Essex county was erected from the southern part of Clinton county; and, in 1808, Franklin county from the western part. Clinton county is now bounded, north by Canada, east by lake Champlain, or the state of Vermont, south by Essex county, west by Franklin county. Its greatest length north and south is forty miles and a half; greatest width thirty-one miles; and the area is about 1064 square miles, including the waters of the lake, or 680,000 acres. CLINTON, a large and populous township of New York, in Duchess county. According to the census of 1810, the inhabitants amounted to 5949, of whom 437 were senatorial electors. CLIO, from XEOs, glory, in pagan mythology, the first of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over history. She is represented as crowned with laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and in the other a book. She sometimes holds a plectrum or quill with a lute. Her name implies honor and reputation, and it was her office faithfully to record the actions of brave and illustrious heroes. CLIO, in zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of vermes mollusca. The body is oblong and fitted for swimming; and it has two membranaceous wings placed opposite to each other; tentacles three and two in the mouth. The species are six, principally distinguished by the shape of their vagina, and all natives of the ocean, CLIP, v. a. & n. Ang. Sax. clyppan; Scot. CLIPP'ER, n. s. clip. Thus derived, it sigCLIPPING, n. s. nifies to embrace, to confine, to fold in the arms. But there is a very different meaning ascribed to it when it is traced to the Goth, klippa, and Sax. clepan then it signifies to cut, shear, divide. A merry child he wos, so God me save! -Wel coud he leten blod, and clippe and shave. Chaucer. Canterbury Tales. He kisseth hire, and clippeth hire full oft. Id. Your sheers come too late to clip the birds' wings, that already is flown away. Sidney. He that before shunned her, to shun such harms, Now runs and takes her in his clipping arms. Id. Here I clip The anvil of my sword, and do contest Shakspeare. O nation that thou couldst remove That Neptune's arms, who clippeth thee about. It is no English treason to cut All my reports go with the modest truth; Id. Id. Id He spent every day ten hours dosing, clipping papers, or darning his stockings. Swift. By this lock, this sacred lock, I swear, But in man's dwellings he became a thing, CLIPEUS, in natural history, a name given to the flat depressed centroniæ, from their resembling a shield. CLISSA, a fort of Dalmatia, seated on a craggy mountain, near which there is a narrow valley, between two steep rocks, through which the road lies from Turkey to Dalmatia. It is six miles north of Spalatia. Long. 17° 31′ E., lat. 44° 10′ N. CLISTHENES, a celebrated Athenian magistrate, the author of the mode of banishing ambitious citizens by Ostracism. CLITHEROE, a borough in Lancashire, at the foot of Pendil hill, thirty miles north of Manchester, 217 N. N. W. of London. It has an ancient castle built by the Laceys, now in ruins. Clitheroe is a borough by prescription, and sends two members to parliament, whose electors are the freeholders and lifeholders. It is governed by two bailiffs, who act together, and are the returning officers. Within these few years, several extensive manufactories of cotton have been established here, which, together with lime-burning, form the chief trade of the town. CLITORIA, in botany, a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants; natural order 320, papilionacea. The COR. supine, or reversed with the vexillium or flag petal very large, patent, and almost covering the ale or wing-petals. There are six species, all herbaceous perennials, or annuals, of the kidney-bean kind, growing naturally in both the Indies. The stalk is climbing, slender, and of the height of a man. The leaves are winged, placed alternately, and consist of two, three, or five pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one. The flowers, which are elegant, stand singly, each on its proper foot-stalk. They are very large, and generally of a deep blue, but sometimes of a white color. From the fruit of this plant is distilled an eyewater. The beans reduced to powder, and taken in broth, to the quantity of two drachms, prove a gentle purge; and Grimmius remarks, in his Labor Ceyl. that the powder of the dried beans, mixed with the milk of the cocoa nut, or with broth, and administered in quantity from one to three drachms, not only mitigates colic pains, but is very useful, and much used in Ceylon, in all disorders of the stomach and bowels. These plants are propagated by seeds; and in this country, must be kept continually in a stove. CLITORIS, in anatomy, is a part of the external pudenda, situated at the angle which the nymphæ form with each other. Like the penis it has an erection It is of different sizes in different women; out in general it is small, and covered with the labia. The preternaturally enlarged clitoris is supposed to constitute an hermaphrodite. When too large, it may be so extirpated as to remove the unnecessary part; but this requires much care, to prevent subjecting the patient to an involuntary discharge of urine. See ANATOMY. CLITUMNO, a river of Italy, which passes by Spoletto, and joins the Topino, between Spoletto and Perugia. CLITUMNUS, in ancient geography, a river of Umbria, on this side the Apennine. According to Pliny, it was a fountain consisting of several veins, situated between Hispellum and Spoletium; which soon after swelled into a large and navigable river, running from east to west into the Tinia, and both together into the Tiber. Virgil says, it was famous for its milkwhite flocks and herds. CLITUS, in ancient history, the foster brother and intimate friend of Alexander the great. At the passage of the Granicus, Alexander was attacked by Rhasaces and Spithridates, two Persian officers of distinction; his helmet was cut through by the battle axe of the latter, and the next stroke would, inevitably, have killed him, had not Clitus, at that instant, rushed to his assistance, and thrust Spithridates through the body with his spear. But Clitus being, some time after, at a feast where some verses in ridicule of the Macedonian officers were introduced by Alexander, angrily expressed his resentment. Being warmed with drinking, he violently retorted on Alexander, and so provoked him that he left the room for his sword. On this the friends of Clitus forced him away, but he soon returned, repeating some insolent verses from Euripides: on which Alexander snatched a spear from one of his guards and ran him through the body. His death however so afflicted Alexander that he attempted his own life, and for some time shut himself up, and would see no one. See ALEXANDER THE GREAT. CLIVE (Robert), lord Clive, son of Richard Clive esq. of Styche, in Salop, was born in 1725. Towards the close of the war in 1741, he was sent as a writer in the East India service to Madras; but, being fonder of the camp than the counting-house, he soon exchanged his clerk's place for a pair of colors. He first distinguished himself at the siege of Pondicherry in 1748; and acted under major Laurence at the taking of Devi Cotta, at Tanjore, who spoke of his military talents so highly, that he was made commissarygeneral. When he came over to England in 1753, he was presented, by the court of directors, with a rich sword set with diamonds, as an acknowledgment of his services, at the siege and in the taking of Arcot. Captain Clive returned to India in 1755, as governor of fort St. David, with the rank of lieutenant colonel; when, in conjunction with admiral Watson, he subdued the pirate Angria, and became master of Geria, his capital, with all his accumulated treasure, Surajah Dowla's perfidy soon produced fresh hostilities, which ended in his ruin; he being totally defeated by colonel Clive at Plassey. The conqueror next day entered Muxadabad in triumph; and placed Jassier Ally Cawn, one of the principal generals, on the throne; the depo sed soubah being soon after taken, was put to death by Jaffier's son. Mr. Clive was now honored, by the Mogul, with the dignity of an Omrah of the empire; and was rewarded by the new soubah with a jaghire, or grant of lands, producing £27,000 a year. In 1760 he returned to England, where he received the unanimous thanks of the Company, was elected M.P. for Shrewsbury, and raised to an Irish peerage by the title of lord Clive, baron of Plassey. In 1764 fresh and serious disturbances occurring in various parts of Bengal, lord Clive was again appointed to that presidency, and advanced to the rank of majorgeneral in the army. When he arrived in India he exceeded the inost sanguine expectation, by restoring tranquillity to the province without striking a blow. He returned home in 1767; and in 1769 was made knight of the bath; but in 1773 a motion was made in the house of commons that 'in the acquisition of his wealth, lord Clive had abused the powers with which he was entrusted.' He defended himself with great ability; enumerating his services for his country, and quoting various letters from the directors of the East India Company, containing the fullest and most ample commendation and approbation of all his proceedings, as well as the congratulation of the direction, in a full court, on his last return home. He was honorably acquitted; the house resolving that lord Clive had rendered great and meritorious services to his country.' Lord Clive was, however, a striking instance of the inefficacy of external honors, and of great wealth, to confer happiness. After his return to England, though in possession of a splendid fortune, and of many advantages, he often discovered great uneasiness of mind and could not endure to be alone. His friends represented this as the result of a depression of spirits occasioned by a nervous fever; but it was attributed by others to causes of a different nature. At last on the 22d of November 1774, he put an end to his own life when not quite fifty years of age; and his remains were interred at Moreton-Say, the parish in which he was born. He left two sons and three daughters; his eldest son, Edward, succeeding him in his title and estate. Lord Clive is said to have given away a great deal of money in acts of benevolence; and he at one time made a present of £70,000 to the invalids in the East India Company's service. Lord Chatham called him a heaven-born general, who, without experience, surpassed all the officers of his time. CLIVE (Catharine), a celebrated comic actress, the daughter of a Mr. Raftor, was born in the north of Ireland in 1711. She was married, when young, to Mr. Richard Clive, a barrister; but, a separation taking place, she adopted the comic line of a theatrical profession, and was ever sure to fascinate her audience. Her native wit and playful humor are exemplified by the followin anecdote:-She performed at Drury-lane under the management of Garrick, and one night, while playing the lady in Lethe, Mrs. Clive, turning her head towards the stage-box, chanced to encounter the eye of Charles Townshend. That celebrated wit pointed instantly to an old belle on his left, a caricature of the ridiculous dame she was portraying. The actress paused for a moment, and burst into laughter; until the galleries caught the jest, and joined boisterously in the mirth. Garrick, chagrined by the indecorum of the incident, hastened to the Greenroom, to meet Mrs. Clive, 'Madam,' said he, "your smiles are always despotic; it was those of Mrs. Clive which called down that burst of merriment just now; to-morrow night I hope it will be excited by those of the character she may intend to personate.' She comprehended his meaning, and sportively shutting her eyes, she tapped them with her fan, exclaiming-I whip the truants that brought me into the scrape; they never again shall so betray their mistress.' Mrs. Clive at length retired to pass the latter part of her life at Little Strawberry Hill, where many persons of rank and eminence courted her society. Her death occurred in 1785. CLIVER, n. s. Teut. & Belg. stein, claver ; stone clover. The plant melilote, more properly written cleaver. It grows wild, the seeds sticking to the clothes of such as pass by them. It is sometimes used in medicine. CLOACE, in antiquity, the common sewers of Rome, to carry off the soil of the city into the Tiber; justly reckoned among the greatest works of the Romans. The first, called Cloaca Maxima, was built by Tarquin I. of huge blocks of stone joined together without any cement, in the manner of the edifices of those early times; consisting of three rows of arches one above another, which at length conjoin and unite together; measuring, in the clear, eighteen palms in height, and as many in width. Under these arches they rowed in boats, which gave occasion to the remark of Plisy that the city was suspended in air, and CLOCK, n. s. CLOCK-MAKER, N.S. CLOCK-WORK, n. s. that they sailed beneath the houses. Under these arches also were ways through which carts loaded with hay could pass with ease. It began in the Forum Romanum; measured 300 paces in length; and emptied between the temple of Vesta and the Pons Senatorius. There were as many principal sewers as there were hills. Pliny concludes their firmness and strength from their standing for so many ages the shocks of earthquakes, the fall of houses, and the vast loads and weights moved over them. CLOACINA, the goddess of common sewers. CLOAK, n. s. & v. a. I Barb. Lat. cloca, CLOAK-BAG, n.s. Sax. lach. The primary sense is, a garment; its secondary, a covering that conceals. A cloak-bag is a bag which receives or conceals wearing apparel. Not using your liberty for a cloak of maliciousness. Peter Most heavenly fair, in deed and view, She by creation was, till she did fall; Thenceforth she sought for helps to cloak her crimes Spenser. withal. CLOCKS. Goth. klocka; and Sax. clecuan, to strike, to sound. The instrument which, by a series of mechanical movements, tells the hour by a stroke upon a bell. Wel sikener wos his crowing in his loge, Than is a clok, or any abbey or loge. Chaucer. Cant. Tales. If a man be in sickness or pain, the time will seem longer without a clok or hour-glass than with it. Bacon. The picture of Jerome usually described at his study, is with a clock hanging by. Browne's Vulgar Errours. I told the clocks and watched the wasting light. Dryden. Hudibras. Resolve by sines and tangents straight, So if unprejudiced you scan, CLOCK, in horology, is a machine so regulated, by the uniform action of a pendulum, as to measure time by a series of vibrations in the oscillating body. Under this head, therefore, we propose to treat of the structure and internal mechanism of those machines which owe their property of keeping time to the continued operation of a pendulum, leaving the portable chronometer, or WATCH, to its appropriate place in our alphabetical arrangement. The earliest complete clock, of which there is any certain record, was contrived in the thirteenth century. It was constructed by a Saracen mechanic, who received about £2000 for his ingenuity. This clock is stated to have kept time very accurately, and it was afterwards presented to the emperor Frederic II. by the Sultan of Egypt, under whose direction it was made. Some time after this period, a clock was placed in a Prior. small building, erected for the purpose, in the city of Westminster, the expense of which was defrayed by a fine imposed on one of the judges for malversation in his office. In the fourteenth century an artist, named James Dondi, a Venetian, constructed a clock for the city of Padua, which was long considered as the wonder of that period. Besides indicating the hours, it represented the motion of the sun, moon, and planets, and also pointed out the different festivals of the year. On this account Dondi obtained the surname of Horologio, which became that of his posterity. About the same period William Zelander constructed, for the same city, a clock still more complex, which was repaired in the sixteenth century by Janellus Turrianus, the mechanist of Charles V. About the year 1560 Tycho Brahe was in possession of four clocks, which indicated hours, minutes, and seconds, the largest of which had only three wheels, one of which was three feet in diameter, and had 1200 teeth in it, a proof that clock-work was then in a very imperfect state. Tycho, however, observed, that there was an irregularity in the going of his clocks, which depended upon the changes in the atmosphere; but he does not appear to have known how such effect was produced. In the year 1577 Moestlin had a clock so constructed as to make just 2528 beats in an hour, 146 of which were counted during the sun's passage over a meridian or azimuth line, and determined his diameter to be 34′ 13′′, so that the science of astronomy began thus early to be promoted by the assistance of clock-work; and, as clocks first promoted the study of astronomy, it will be seen by and bye, that astronomy, in its turn, gave rise to some of the most essential improvements in clock-work; and that, as the arts and sciences became more and more cultivated, improvements in clockwork kept pace with them, and employed the talents of the most ingenious men of each succeeding age. As the construction of every modern horological machine must depend, mainly, on a judicious combination of wheel-work, it may be desirable to examine, first, the principle of a common wheel and pinion, and then to show its application to the movement of a clock. In the wheel and axis A, B, fig. 1. plate I. of HoROLOGY, two cords of similar length are made to support weights, attached to their lower extremity; the weights being placed in equipoise, although the one is twice as heavy as the other. This apparently paradoxical effect is produced, by giving a mechanical advantage to the cord B, which is twice as far from the centre, or fulcrum, as the one that supports the larger weight: the velocity of the two weights are effected also in an equal ratio. So that if the wheel be made to revolve upon its axis, the weight marked 1 will descend two feet, while the opposite side will only be raised one foot. Here then the gain in power is compensated for by a loss of time, and vice versâ ; and upon this circumstance depends the advantageous use of a wheel and pinion. In fig. 2, the pinion D. is supported by a separate axis, round which it is made to revolve; and the wheel B B, being three times as large as the pinion, the latter will make three revolutions to one of the former, or about one revolution for the portion of a circle shown in the diagram. If we consider the weight C as the maintaining power, it will be evident, that, for every revolution made by its axis, there will be three revolutions of the next wheel in succession. If we combine a series of wheels and pinions, a still greater increase in speed will result. This is shown at fig. 3; and it will be seen that there are four revolutions of the pinion c for one of the wheel that drives it; and as the wheel d is attached to the same axis, the pinion e will make sixteen revolutions to one of the prime mover. A reference to this simple mode of increasing velocity in wheel-work, will readily explain why a clock, which makes but twelve revolutions at the barrel, is enabled to beat half and quarter seconds, and even to go as many days as there are turns at the prime mover. Having determined upon the kind of clock to be made, the first thing to be done, and that in which the clock-maker is generally deficient, is, to calculate the movement, or proper number of teeth in the wheels, and of leaves in the pinions of the going part of the mechanism. Dr. Derham, in his Artificial Clock-maker, has treated this subject at considerable length; and has laid down rules which have tended more to puzzle than to assist the workman in the choice of his numbers. He proposes to take at random, a certain number of vibrations per hour for a pendulum of an assumed length, to represent his train, and then to find the factors or numbers, which, used as multipliers, shall give the regular product, or nearly so; after which each factor is represented by a ratio of two optional numbers, to constitute a wheel and its pinion. We will not here follow the Doctor through his processes, but merely observe, that, by calculating his whole movement at one operation from an assumed number of vibrations, he has introduced a variety of such trains into portable clocks and watches, as make a vibration of the short pendulum, and an oscillation of the balance, no exact fraction of a second; in short, he has begun at the wrong end of the business; has first fixed on the length of his pendulum, in inches, without considering exactly the number of vibrations it would make, and then calculated a train that would so nearly suit it, that the adjustment for time, by the bob, would compensate the defect of the numbers; the consequence has been, that the exact value of a vibration in a portable clock, and of an oscillation in an ordinary watch, has hitherto been disregarded in the construction. On the contrary, we recommend to the clock-maker, first to fix upon his number of vibrations per second, and then to calculate the true length of his pendulum, and exact value of his train, agreeably to the number of vibrations per second that he previously determined. The most simple way of calculating the numbers proper for the movement of any clock, intended to show seconds, is, by dividing it into three portions, and then by calculating the wheels and pinions for each separate portion, by a separate calculation, beginning at the bottom of the train; thus, we first fix upon the pinion of the hour arbor to be, suppose eight, |