་ The wheel i has eight pins projecting from it, and these, in succession, raise the tail of the hammer as the rotation of the wheel brings them to it. When the hammer is discharged, or frees itself from the pin, it is carried against the bell by the spring z; u is called the counter-spring, and is employed to prevent the hammer jarring against the bell. We have now to examine the connexion between the going or watch part, and that which is employed in regulating the hammer-work. Let A be a piece of brass cut down in twelve spiral steps in form of a snail, (from whence it takes its name) as in the figure; let this be fixed on the socket of the hour wheel; and BGL F the rack, with 14 teeth, turning on its centre L, having a spring H to force the end Fupon the steps of the snail, A, when at liberty. The pin at 1 in the motion-wheel takes hold of the liftingpiece D M K; and the end K in rising, lifts up the hook C it may, however, be proper to state, that this apparatus is seldom resorted to in the construction of a modern English clock, although the foreign mechanics still consider it well adapted for its intended purpose which lies in the teeth of the rack, and rises until the teeth are disengaged from it; the end F then falls down, and stops against the steps of the snail A, which in the figure is at two o'clock. The arbor of the third or gathering wheel k, shown in the preceding diagram, comes through the plate on which the pallet Em is fixed; a turn of which answering to one stroke of the hammer, gathers the rack up one tooth: 12 steps of the snail answer 12 teeth in the rack; and, when the gathering pallet Em has taken as many teeth in the rack as the number of the hour, the end E of the pallet stops against a pin in the rack at G, and is there at rest until the hook C is again lifted out of the teeth by the liftingpiece, as before. When the hook C is lifted out of the teeth of the rack, the clock would strike continually, as the hook, being out of the teeth, prevents the rack being gathered up; but that the end K of the lifting-piece has a small arm which goes through the plate, and a pin in the wheel t, which stops against it in such a manner, that when the liftingpiece is suffered to fall by the pin I having gone past the pin in the rim of the wheel t, it is clear of the arm at the end of the lifting piece K; the wheel being then at liberty, the clock strikes until the gathering pallet E stops against the pin of the rack at G, as before. By putting a small string to the top-end of the spring S, or liftingpiece M, to come through the case, it may be de to strike the last hour at any time, except when on the warning. A more simple contrivance for dividing the hours in a striking clock may now be examined; The wheel A is in this case united to the barrel arbor, and as such revolves with it, bearing the locking-plate B. The arm C is attached to the detent D, so that when the extremity C drops into the notches in the plate, the striking train is stopped, by another arm on the detent D intercepting a pin in the warning wheel. A reference to the locking-plate will show that its divisions correspond with the hours of the day: the arm C indicating nine o'clock. In clocks of this description the rack and its appendages are of course dispensed with. In the year 1803, the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, &c. presented to Mr. John Prior of Nessfield, Yorkshire, a reward of thirty guineas on account of his contrivance for the striking part of an eight-days' clock. As this invention is likely to be useful, we shall describe it here. It consists of a wheel and fly, with six turns of a spiral line, cut upon the wheel, for the purpose of counting the hours. The pins below this spiral elevate the hammer, and those above are for the use of the detent. This single wheel serves the purpose of count-wheel, pin-wheel, detent-wheel, and the fly-wheel, and has six revolutions in striking the twelve hours. If we suppose a train of wheels and pinions used in other striking parts to be made without error, and that the wheels and pinions would turn each other without shake or play, then, allowing the above supposition to be true (though every mechanic knows it is not), Mr. Prior's striking part would be found six times superior to others, in striking the hours 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, and 11; twelve times superior in striking 4, 6, and 8; and eighteen times in striking 3, 9, and 12. In striking 2, the inventor purposely made an imperfection equal to the space of three teeth of the wheel; and, in striking 3, an imperfection of nine or ten teeth; and yet both these hours are struck perfectly correct. The flies in clocks turn round, at a mean, about sixty times for every knock of the hammer, but this turns round only three times for the same purpose: and suppose the pivots were of equal diameters, the influence of oil on them would be as the number of revolutions in each. It would be better for clocks if they gave no warning at all, but the snail piece to raise & weight somewhat similar to the model Mr. Prior sent for the inspection of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, &c. The striking part of this clock is represented at fig. 3. plate 2, of HOROLOGY. A, the large wheel, on the face of which are sunk or cut the six turns of a spiral. B, the single worm screw, which acts on the above wheel, and moves the fly C. D, the spiral work of the wheel A. The black spots show the grooves into which the dents drop on striking the hour. E, the groove into which the locking piece F drops when it strikes one, and from which place it proceeds to the outward parts of the spiral in the progressive hours, being thrown out by a lifting piece H at each hour; the upper detent G being pumped off with the locking piece F, from the pins on the wheel A. In striking the hour of 12, the locking piece, having arrived at the outer spiral at H, rises up an inclined plane, and drops by its own weight into the inner circle, in which the hour 1 is to be struck, and proceeds on in a progressive motion through the different hours till it comes again to 12. I, the hammer-work made in the common way, which is worked by thirteen pins on the face of the spiral. Fig. 4. K, the thirteen pins on the face of the spiral, which work the hammer-work. L, the outer pins which lock the detent It may now be proper to notice the late James Ferguson's machinery for exhibiting the apparent daily motions of the sun and moon, and state of the tides, &c. The dial plate of this clock is represented at fig. 1, of plate 2, of HOROLOGY. It contains all the twenty-four hours of the day and night. S is the sun, which serves as an hour index, by going down the dial-plate in twenty-four hours; and M is the moon, which goes round in twenty-four hours, fifty minutes and a half, from any point in the hour circle to the same point again, which is equal to the time of the moon's going round in the heavens, from the meridian of any place to the same meridian again. The sun is fixed to a circular plate, as at fig. 2, and carried round by the motion of the plate, on which the twenty-four hours are engraven, and within them is a circle divided into twenty-nine and a half equal parts, for the days of the moon's age, accounted from the time of any new moon to the next after; and each day stands directly under the time (in the twenty-four hour circle), of the moon's coming to the meridian, the twelve under the sun standing for mid-day, and the opposite twelve for mid-night. Thus, when the moon is eight days old, she comes to the meridian at half an hour past six in the afternoon; and, when she is sixteen days old, she comes to the meridian at one o'clock in the morning. The moon M, fig. 1, is fixed to another circular plate of the same diameter with that which carries the sun; and this moon-plate turns round in twenty-four hours, fifty minutes and a half. It is cut open, so as to show some of the hours and days of the moon's age; on the plate below it that carries the sun, and across this opening at a and b are VOL. VI. two short pieces of small wire in the moon-plate. The wire a shows the day of the moon's age, and time of her coming to the meridian, on the plate below it that carries the sun; and the wire b shows the time of high water for that day on the same plate. These wires must be placed as far from one another, as the time of the moon's coming to the meridian differs from the time of high-water at the place where the clock is intended to serve. At London bridge it is highwater when the moon is two hours and a half past the meridian. Above this plate that carries the moon, there is a fixed plate N, supported by a wire A, the upper end of which is fixed to the plate, and the lower end is bent to a right angle, and fixed into the dial-plate at the lowermost or mid-night twelve. This plate may represent the earth, and the dot at L, London, or any other place at which the clock is designed to show the times of high and low water. Around this plate is an elliptical shade upon the plate that carries the moon M: the highest points of this shade are marked high-water, and the lowest points low-water; as this plate turns round below the fixed plate N, the high and lowwater points come successively even with L, and stand just over it at the times when it is high or low water at the given place; which times are pointed out by the sun, S, among the twentyfours on the dial-plate: and, in the arch of this plate, above twelve at noon, is a plate, H, that rises and falls as the tide does at the given place. Thus, when it is high-water (suppose at London), one of the highest points of the elliptical shade stands just over L, and the tide place, H, is at its greatest height: and, when it is low water at London, one of the lowest points of the elliptical shade stands over L, and the tide place H is quite down, so as to disappear beyond the dial-plate. As the sun S goes round the dialplate in twenty-four hours, and the moon M, goes round it in twenty-four hours, fifty minutes and a half, the moon goes round so much slower than the sun, as only to make twenty-eight and a half revolutions in the time the sun makes twenty-nine and a half; and therefore the moon's distance from the sun is continually changing; so that at whatever time the sun and moon are together, or in conjunction, in ty enty-nine and a half days afterwards they will be in conjunction again. Consequently the plate that carries the moon moves so much slower than the plate that carries the sun, as always to make the wire a shift over one day of the moon's age on the sun's plate in twenty-four hours. In the plate that carries the moon, there is a round hole m, through which the phase or appearance of the moon, is seen on the sun's plate, for every day of the moon's age from change to change. When the sun and moon are in conjunction, the whole space seen through the hole m is black; when the moon is opposite the sun (or full) all that space is white; when she is in either of her quarters the same space is half black and half white; and different in all other positions, so as the white part may resemble the visible or enlightened part of the moon for every day of her age. D To show these various appearances of the moon, there is a black shaded space Nf, Fl, on the plate that carries the sun. When the sun and moon are in conjunction, the whole space seen through the round hole is black, as at N; when the moon is full, opposite to the sun, all the space seen through the round hole is white, as at F; when the moon is in her first quarter, as at f, or in her last quarter, as at 1, the hole is only half shaded; and more or less accordingly for each position of the moon, with regard to her age. Having seen that all clocks owe their motion either to a main spring, or the gravitating influence of some ponderous body, it will be evident that the moment the power is withdrawn, as in the act of winding, the wheels will cease to advance. To remedy the irregularity and variation in the time which this must of necessity produce, the annexed simple contrivance is occasionally resorted to: The small peg at the extremity of the lever is seen in the one case to rest upon the tooth of the wheel, while the dotted line represents it in its usual position. When the clock is wound the lever is raised, and, during the absence of its proper main بحاني taining power, the pressure of a spring acting on the lever produces an equable motion in the train. There are a variety of other contrivances for this purpose; but the great simplicity of the one we have now described, although not entirely free from defects, fits it for general adoption. As the period of winding a clock propelled by weights must of necessity depend on the length of the cord to which the weight is attached, it will be evident that any contrivance by which the line may be lengthened without increasing the fall must be advantageous to the machine. This desideratum is usually effected in a common clock, by introducing a pulley, represented at B, and, by means of this simple contrivance, the time of the clock is doubled. It may, however, be proper to add, that the weight must be increased in an equal ratio, as ten pounds attached to the pulley B, can only furnish a maintaining power of five pounds, or half that weight at A, so that a clock which is usually furnished with a weight of about fourteen pounds, in reality only requires seven to give motion to the train. A In all pendulum clocks, but more especially those that are employed for astronomical purposes, the greatest attention should be paid to the stability of the case or fraine to which they are attached. The necessity of employing care in this respect may be best shown by reference to a curious fact furnished by the late Mr. Ellicott. It occurs in the Transactions of the Royal Society; and he states, that a very excellent regulator was repeatedly stopped by the motion of a pendulum attached to another clock in the same apartment. At other times its rate was materially affected, and yet no apparent motion of the clock-case was observable. On this account it is, that the best regulators are usually attached to a firm support, altogether independent of the walls of the building in which they may be placed. A very ingenious apparatus has been suggested by Mr. Hardy, and rewarded by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures, which appears admirably adapted to detect the slightest oscillation that may occur. It consists of an inverted pendulum, and may be readily constructed by supporting a perpendicular wire by a slight steel spring, a movable weight being attached to a tube sliding on the wire. Should any vibration occur, the pendulum is immediately put in motion and a graduated arc is sometimes attached to the upper part of the frame, which seives to mark the amount of oscillation. The setting a clock into beat is usually effected by bending the crutch till the vibrations on each side are equal. To know when this is the case, it is merely necessary to mark the exact point occupied by the lower extremity of the pendulum when the ball is at rest. If it be then moved till the pallet escape, or, in plainer terms, till the clock is heard to tick, its extreme distance at that side will then be known. This must also be marked correctly; and if, on moving it in the opposite direction, it be found to describe a similar portion of a circle, it may then be considered as accurately in beat. If this should not be the case, the crutch must then be bent; or, in more complete machines, an alteration made by screws. It is also an essential condition, that the centre of suspension of the pendulum shall be exactly in the same vertical plane with the centre of the verge; for, if the pendulum spring happen not to coincide with a perpendicular line passing through the pivot-hole of the pallet's arbor, one half the arc of vibration will be greater than the other, even after the crutch is properly adjusted. An error of this kind must however be very obvious, and may be remedied by the eye. In the early stages of the art clocks, as well as watches, were of very simple construction, and every artist was compelled from necessity to complete the machine he attempted to construct; but, in the present state of the business, it is divided into a great number of branches, and each, by devoting himself exclusively to that department, attains a greater degree of expertness and accuracy than he could possibly effect withou such a division of labor. The invention of pendulum clocks has been claimed, more especially, by Galileo and Huygens, neither of whom published their discoveries prior to 1649; and it will be found, by reference to the following extract, that it is to an English mechanic that we are really indebted for this valuable appendage of a modern clock: "The clock fixed in the turret of the said church, was the first long pendulum clock in Europe, invented and made by Richard Harris of London, A. D. 1641; although the honor of the invention was assumed by Vincenzo Galileo, A. D. 1649, and also by Huygens in 1657. This plate is here affixed by Thomas Grignon, of this parish (Covent Garden), the son of the above Thomas Grignon, as a true memorial of praise to those two skilful mechanicians, his father and Richard Harris, who to the honor of England, embodied their ideas in substantial forms that are most useful to mankind.' CLOCK, n. s. Sax. galukan, to close; the gusset or ornamented work of a stocking. His stockings with silver clocks were ravished from him. Swift. CLOD, n. s. & v. I Goth. klode; Swed. CLODDY, adj. klot. A lump of earth; the ground; any thing concreted together in a cluster, as particles of earth cleave to each other. Any thing vile, base, and earthy, as the body of a man compared to his soul. The adjective is applied to whatever is muddy, miry, mean, gross, base, and stupid. To clod is to coagulate together into concretions; and, when used in the active sense, to pelt with clods, or to cover with clods. The glorious sun, Turning with splendour of his precious eye, Shakspeare. The earth that casteth up from the plough a great clod, is not so good as that which casteth up a smaller clod. I'll cut up, as plows Bacon. Do barren lands, and strike together flints The spirit of man, Ben Jonson. Which God inspired, cannot together perish Id. Fishermen who make holes in the ice to dip up fish with their nets, light on swallows congealed in clods of a slimy substance; and carrying them home to their stoves, the warmth restoreth them to life and flight. The vulgar! a scarce animated clod, Ne'er pleased with ought above 'em. Carew. his interest at Rome during his absence; but Cato, by his success, frustrated these attempts. He was also the inveterate enemy of Cicero, and by his influence obtained his banishment from Rome. He then wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero's house, which he burnt, and set his goods to sale; which, however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. He was some time after murdered by Milo. CLODPATE, n. s. clod and pate. A stupid fellow; a dolt; a thickskull. CLO'DPATED, adj. from clodpate. Stupid, dull, doltish, thoughtless. My clodpated relations spoiled the greatest genius in the world, when they bred me a mechanick. Arbuthnot. CLO'DPOLL, n. s. from clod and poll. A thickskull; a dolt; a blockhead. This letter being so excellently ignorant, he will find that it comes from a clodpoll. Shakspeare. CLOG, n. s. & v. n. Probably from log, a load or hindrance, A wooden shoe, which clogs or hinders in walking, while it protects the under shoe and the feet from wet. The idea of the verb is to impede motion by weight; to encumber with shackles; thence, to embarrass. It is occasionally used in the sense of coalesce, and to adhere; but improperly, as in such cases it is only a corruption of clod or clot. But as he sought his loggying, he happed oppon That lay under a stayer, a grete walssh dog, Nothing, the dogges maister if he did eny harm, Byzantians boast, that on the clod, Where once their sultan's horse has trod. Grows neither grass, nor shrub, nor tree. Swift. CLODIUS (Publius), a Roman of an illustrious family, but infamous for his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He committed incest with his three sisters, and introduced himself in woman's clothes into the house of Julius Cæsar, whilst Pompeia, Cæsar's wife, of whom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries of Ceres, at which no man was permitted to appear. He was accused of this violation of human and divine laws; but, being made tribune, he thus screened himself from justice. Being the enemy of Cato, he procured him to be sent with prætorian powers, in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that by the difficulty of the campaign he might ruin his reputation, and destroy I'm glad at soul I have no other child For thy escape would teach me tyranny, To hang clogs on them. Id. Some solitary cloister will I choose, And there with holy virgins live immured. Dryden. His majesty's ships were over-pestered, and clogged the cloister, to perform those acts of devotion. How could he have the leisure and retiredness of with great ordnance, whereof there is superfluity. Raleigh. Milton's Paradise Regained. Hudibras. By additaments of some such nature, some grosser and cloggy parts are retained; or else much subtilized and otherwise altered. Boyle's History of Firmness. In France the peasantry goes barefoot; and the middle sort, throughout all that kingdom, makes use of wooden clogs. Harvey on Consumptions. Gums and pomatums shall his flight restrain, While clogged he beats his silken wings in vain. Pope. CLOGHER, a city and bishop's see of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone, and province of Ulster. In a very early age an abbey of regular canons, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was founded here. St. Patrick is said to have presided over the church of Clogher; and, having appointed his successor, he resigned this government, and went to Armagh, where he founded his celebrated abbey. On the 20th of April, 1396, a dreadful fire burnt to the ground the church, the two chapels, the abbey, the court of the bishops, and thirty-two other buildings. In 1610 king James I. annexed this abbey and its revenues to the see of Clogher. Clogher is seventy miles from Dublin, and twenty west of Armagh. CLOI'STER, n. s. & v. a. Welsh, clás; Sax. claurten; Germ. Scloster; CLOISTERED, part. adj. French, cloistre; Lat. claus-trum. A religious retirement; a monastery; anunnery. A peristyle; a piazza. To shut up in a religious house; to confine; to immure; to shut up from the world. Yeve me than of thy gold to make our cloistre ; Quod he, for many a muscle and many an oistre, Whan other men han ben ful wel at ese, Hath been our food, our cloistre for to rese. Chaucer. Canterbury Tales. Cloister thee in some religious house. Atterbury. The Greeks and Romans had commonly two cloistered open courts, one serving for the women's side, and the other for the men. Wotton's Architect. CLOISTER, in a more restrained sense, is used for the principal part of a regular monastery, consisting of a square, built around; ordinarily between the church, the chapter-house, and the refectory; and over which is the dormitory. The cloisters served for several purposes in the ancient monasteries. Peter of Blois observes, that it was here the monks held their lectures: the lecture of morality at the north side, next the church; the school on the west, and the chapter on the east; spiritual meditation, &c., being reserved for the church. Lanfranc says, that the proper use of the cloister was for the monks to meet in, and converse together, at certain hours of the day. The form of the cloister was square; and it had its name claustrum from claudo, to close; as being enclosed on its four sides with buildings. Hence, in architecture, a building is still said to be in form of a cloister when there are buildings on each of the four sides of the court. CLO ISTRESS, n. s. from cloister. A nun; a lady who has vowed religious retirement. Like a cloistress she will veiled walk, And water once a day her chamber round With eye-offending brine. CLOKE, n.s. See CLOAK CLOMB, pret. of to climb. The sonne, Shakspeare. he said, is clomben upon heven Twenty degrees. Chaucer. Cant. Tales Ask to what end they clomb that tedious height. Spenser, So clomb this first grand thief into God's fold. Milton's Paradise Lost CLONAKILTY, a sea-port town in the county of Cork, Ireland, situated in a bay of this name. It is built in the form of a cross; the church, a plain structure, standing on an eminence. The bay is not convenient, and, indeed hardly safe. It is twenty miles south-west of Cork, and has a good market for yarn. CLONES, a town in the county of Monaghan, Ireland. Here was formerly the abbey of St. Tegernach, of royal blood, who removed to this place the episcopal seat of Clogher. In 1207 the town and abbey were destroyed by Hugh de Lacie; but five years afterwards they were rebuilt. In 1504 the bishopric was restored. It is ten miles south-west of Monaghan. CLONFERT, a city or village of Ireland, in the county of Galway. An abbey was erected here in the year 553; the church was also a cathedral at that time, and constituted a bishop's see. During the middle ages the abbey and town were frequently plundered by the leaders of factions, as well as by the Danes. It is thirty-six miles east of Galway. CLONMELL, a borough in Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, situated on the river Suir. It is the assize town, has a barrack for two troops of horse, aud is governed by a mayor, recorder, |