The air, such pleasure loth to lose With thousand echoes still prolongs each heavenly At close. Speedy death, Milton. Id. Dryden's Fables. bailiffs, and town clerk; sending one member to parliament. The Suir is navigable from this town to Carrick and Waterford; and some trade is carried on in the woollen branch, particularly by the quakers, who are very numerous in this The close of all my miseries and the balm. neighbourhood. There is a spring here of Spa every close she made, the attending throng water, that issues out of the side of a rising Replied, and bore the burden of the song. ground, which, however, is overlooked by a pretty steep hill, on that side of the Suir which is in the county of Waterford. In this town the celebrated Laurence Sterne was born. It consists of four cross streets, and has a spacious bridge of twenty arches over the Suir; the markethouse is strong and well built; and there is a charter-school for children. A Dominican friary was founded at Clonmell in 1269, when Otho de Grandison also erected a Franciscan friary, the church of which was esteemed one of the most magnificent in Ireland. This town is very ancient, being built before the Danish invasion: it was formerly defended by a square wall. Oliver Cromwell, who found more resistance from this place than any other in the kingdom, demolished the castles and fortifications, of which now only the ruins remain. The Gothic church is still kept in good repair. Clonmell is nineteen miles south-east of Tipperary, and twenty-two W.N.W. of Waterford. To CLOOM, v. a. corrupted from cleam. Sax. clæmian, which is still used in some provinces. To close or shut with glutinous or viscous mat ter. CLOSE'NESS, n. s. Rear the hive enough to let them in, and cloom up Certes I have now lived too long, Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose. But through the verger he hath sought I have a tree, which grows here in my close, Id. Shakspeare. Prior. Through Syria, Persia, Greece, she goes; Marvell. Behold the picture! Is it like? Like whom? Cowper. Beattie. Sweet as the downy-pinioned gale that roves, Close to the glimmering gate he dragged his chain, The adjective is thus exhibited by Johnson. Shut We have supplied a few illustrations. fast, so as to leave no part open; as, a close box, a close house. We suppose this bag to be tied close about, towards the window. Wilkins. Having no vent; without inlet; secret; private; not to be seen through. Nor could his acts too close a vizard wear, Confined; stagnant; without ventilation. If the rooms be low roofed, or full of windows and doors, the one maketh the air close, and not fresh; and the other maketh it exceedingly unequal. Bacon's Natural History. Compact; solid; dense; without interstices or vacuities. The inward substance of the earth is of itself an uniform mass, close and compact. Burnet's Theory. The golden globe being put into a press, which was driven by the extreme force of screws, the water made itself way through the pores of that very close metal. Locke. Viscous; glutinous; not volatile. This oil, which nourishes the lamp, is supposed of so close and tenacious a substance, that it may slowly evaporate. Wilkins Concise; brief; compressed; without exuberance or digression. in the same compass. You lay your thoughts so close together, that were they closer they would be crowded, and even a due connection would be wanting. Dryden's Juvenal. Where the original is close, no version can reach it Dryden. Read these instructive leaves, in which conspire Fresnoy's close art, and Dryden's native fire. Pope. Joined without any intervening distance or space, whether of time or place. But yot the cause and root of all his ill, Retired; solitary. He kept himself close because of Saul. Chronicles. Secluded from communication; as, a close prisoner. Applied to the weather, dark; cloudy; not clear. Applied to the mind, it signifies, to be reserved, impenetrable, covetous. The verb is sometimes used with an addition, as to close upon; to agree upon, to join in. The jealousy of such a design in us would induce France and Holland to close upon some measures between them to our disadvantage. Temple. To close with; to close in with. To come to an agreement with; to comply with; to unite with. Intire cowardice makes thee wrong this virtuous gentlewoman, to close with us. Spenser. Shakspeare. Henry IV. South He took the time when Richard was deposed, And high and low with happy Harry closed. Dryden. Pride is so unsociable a vice, that there is no clos Collier on Friendship. ing with it. This spirit, poured upon iron, lets go the water; the acid siprit is more attracted by the fixed body; and lets go the water to close with the fixed body. Newton's Opticks. Such a proof as would have been closed with certainly at the first, shall be set aside easily afterwards. Atterbury. These governours bent all their thoughts and applications to close in with the people, now the stronger party. Swift. To close with. To grapple with in wrestling. CLOSE-BANDED, adj. In close order; thick ranged; or secretly leagued, which seems rather the meaning in this passage. Nor in the house which chamber ambushes Close-banded, durst attack me. Milton. CLOSE-BODIED, adj. Made to fit the body exactly. If any clergy shall appear in any close-bodied coat, CLOSE-HANDED, adj. Galba was very close-handed. I have not read much of his liberalities. Arbuthnot on Coins. CLOSE-HAULED, in navigation, the general arrangement or trim of a ship's sails when she erdeavours to make progress, in the nearest direction possible, towards that point of the compass from which the wind blows. In this manner of sailing, the keel commonly makes an angle of six points with the line of the wind; but sloops and some other small vessels are said to sail almost a point nearer. All vessels, however, are supposed to make nearly a point of lee way when closehauled, even when they have the advantage of a good sailing breeze and smooth water. The angle of lee way, however, increases in propor tion to the increase of the wind and sea. In this disposition of the sails, they are all extended sideways on the ship, so that the wind, as it crosses the ship obliquely toward the stern from forwards, may fill their cavities. But, as the current of winds also enters the sails in an oblique direction, the effort of it to make the ship advance is considerably diminished: she will therefore make the least progress when sailing in this manner. The ship is said to be close-hauled, because at this time her tacks, or lower corners of the principal sails, are drawn close down to her side to windward, the sheets hauled close aft, and all the bow lines drawn to their greatest extension to keep the sails steady. CLOSE-PENT, adj. Shut close; without CLOSE QUARTERS, strong barriers of wood stretching across a merchant ship in several places; used as a place of retreat when a ship is boarded by her adversary; they are therefore fitted with loop-holes, through which to fire the small arms; they are likewise furnished with caissons, or powder-chests, fixed upon the deck, and filled with powder, old nails, &c., which may be fired at any time from the close quarters, upon the boarders. CLOSE-STOOL, n. s. close and stool. A chamber implement. A pestle for his truncheon, led the van; And his high helmet was a close-stool pan. Garth. CLOSET, n. s. & v. a. from close. A small room of privacy and retirement; a private repository of curiosities and valuable things. To shut up, or conceal, in a closet; to take into a closet for a secret interview. CLOSTER SEVEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Bremen, memorable for a convention entered into by the duke of Cumberland and the duke of Richelieu, commander of the French armies in 1758, by which 38,000 Hanoverians laid down their arms, and were dispersed. It is nineteen miles south of Stade, and twenty-four N. N. E. of Bremen. CLOSURE, n. s. from close. The act of shutting up. The chink was carefully closed up: upon which closure there appeared not any change. Boyle's Spring of the Air. That by which any thing is closed or shut. I admire your sending your last to me quite open, without a seal, wafer, or any closure whatever. Pope to Swift. The parts enclosing; enclosure. Conclusion; end. Not in use. Id. Fr. caillet; from Lat. coagulatum. Probably, at first, the same with Conclod, but now applied to different uses. clods, to hang together, to concrete, to coagulate; cretion; coagulation; grume. To form clots or as clotted cream; clotted blood. Johnson says to become gross, but gives no proof or illustration. The clotered blood, for any leche-craft, Chaucer. The white of an egg, with spirit of wine, doth bake the egg into clots, as if it began to poch. Bacon. The opening itself was stopt with a clot of grumous blood. Wiseman's Surgerj. He dragged the trembling sire, Sliddering thro' clottered blood and holy mire. Dryden's Eneid Where land is clotty, and a shower of rain soaks through, you may make use of a rool to break it. Huge unwiedly bones, lasting remains Mortimer. Philips CLOTAIRE I., king of France, was the son of Clovis and Clotilda. He began to reign in 511, and died at Compiegne in 561, aged fortyfour. See FRANCE, HISTORY OF. CLOTAIRE II., Son and successor of Chilperic I. His father dying in his infancy, his mother maintained the kingdom for him, with great spirit and success, against the efforts of Childebert. After her death Theodebert and Thiuri defeated him; but he afterwards re-united the different kingdoms of France under himself. He died in 628. CLOTAIRE, III. king of Burgundy, after the death of Clovis II. his father, who left him a minor. His mother Batilda, governed during his minority with great wisdom. He died in 670. 40 CLOTH, WOOLLEN. Ang.-Sax. clad, clath. That which is woven, and now applied to any woven texture of whatever substance. The sin gular is applied to denominate the arthe hands of the man Drayton. A costly cloth of gold. They leave the shady realms of night, Gazing on her midnight foes, CLOTH, n. s. CLOTHES, plural. CLOTHE, v. a. & n. CLOTHIER, n. s. CLOTHING, n. s. CLOTH-SHEARER, n. s. CLOTH-PRESSING, n. s. CLOTH-WORKER, n. s. ticle as it comes out of ufacturer. The plural is usually applied to the same article made into garments; and to garments in general: hence to whatever is used for covering and protection from outward injuries and unsightly nakedness. The different agents whose cognomen we have given are employed in the primary process of manufacturing and preparing the material; but not in the after process of forming it into apparel. To clothe Unpierced, is in the lasting tempest worn. is to invest, to adorn with dress, to furnish, provide with clothes, to cover. Better it is to cast away thin here, The third had of their wardrobe custody, He with him brought Preyne, rich arrayed In Claribellae's clothes. Spenser. Id. Take up these clothes here quickly; carry them to the laundress in Datchet mead. Shakspeare Id. Dryden. She turned each way her frighted head, Nor let, like Nævious, every error pass; Popc. Pope's Statius. True Witney broad-cloth with its shag unshorn, With superior boon may your rich soil Gay Thomson. Who toils for nations may CLOTH is a cotton, linen, or woollen manufacture. That, indeed, which, among the inhabitants of Otaheite, and other barbarous people, is made of the barks of trees, has been sometimes treated under this term; but it has already engaged our attention sufficiently under the word BARK, which see. On the other hand, hair, silk, and the ductile and precious metals of silver and gold have been, in highly civilised countries, wrought into cloth. But the three divisions of this extensive species of manufacture, which we have named, will embrace its principal and more common application. For HAIR-CLOTH, see that article; for I answer you right painted cloth, from whence you cloth made of silk, see SILK MANUFACTURE; The clothiers all, not able to maintain The many to them 'longing, have put off The spinsters, carders, fullers, weavers. Id. Henry VIII. My father is a poor man, and by his occupation a cloth-shearer. Hakewill on Providence. The king stood up under his cloth of state, took the sword from the protector, and dubbed the Lord Mayor of London knight. Sir John Hayward. I'll make the very green cloth to look blue. Ben Jonson At length by wonderful impulse of fate Milton. Marvell. and for cloth of gold and silver, see TISSUE. Cotton, linen, and woollen cloths, alike undergo three common processes from the raw material, to the complete and finished piece of goods. 1. They are prepared in various ways until they form yarn. 2. They are woven into cloth; and 3. They are bleached, dyed, printed, glazed, &c. to various stages of beauty and perfection. Under the names of the respective materials, COTTON, FLAX, and SILK, will the very distinct methods of preparing those materials be treated. Our attention in this article will be directed to the different operations by which our staple manufacture of woollen cloth is conducted after the sorting of the wool, for which see WOOL; and, with the exception of WEAVING, (an operation sufficiently important to require a distinct article) this finally receiving the name of cloth, in distinction from linen, cotton, and silk goods. Cloths are of various qualities, fine and coarse. The following general criteria of the goodness of cloth, have been often given, viz. 1. That the wool be of a good quality, and well dressed. 2. It must be equally spun, carefully observing that the thread of the warp be finer and better twisted than that of the woof. 3. The cloth must be well wrought, and beaten on the loom, so as to be everywhere equally compact. 4. The wool must not be finer at one end of the piece than the rest. 5. The lists must be sufficiently strong, of the same length with the stuff, and must consist of good wool, hair or ostrich feathers; or, what is still better, of Danish dog's hair. 6. The cloth must be free from knots and other imperfections. 7. It must be well scoured with fullers' earth, well fulled with the best white soap, and afterwards washed in clear water. 8. The hair or nap must be well drawn out with the feazel, without being too much opened. 9. It must be shorn close without making it thread-bare. 10. It must be well dried. 11. It must be tenter-stretched to force it to its just dimensions. 12. It must be pressed cold, not hot-pressed, the latter being very injurious to fine woollen cloth. This manufacture we shall now more particularly consider in its processes. 1. Of preparing the wool, after it has been sorted for the weaver. 2. Of finishing the cloth after it is taken from the loom. 1. Of preparing the wool after it has been sorted. The best wools for the manufacturing of white cloth, intended for dyeing, are those of England and Spain. Spanish wool, as it arrives in this country, has generally some part of the marking pitch still adhering to it in the bale, which must be carefully cut or picked off; and it is frequently so hardly pressed together in the bag, that it requires to be opened out by beating. Until recently it was the practice to beat the wool with rods, in order to shake out the dust and open the staples; but this is now principally done by an opening machine with long coarse teeth, called a devil, or wool-mill, described farther onward. English wool is generally cleaned from pitch marks or other extraneous substances by the wool-sorter, and left by him in a proper condition to commence the process of clothmaking. In Hampshire, and the west of England, it is now most commonly scoured, by putting it into a furnace containing a liquor composed of three parts of water and one of urine; and after it has been well stirred therein, and the grease it contains dissolved, it is taken out, drained, and washed in running water. In Yorkshire this excellent practice is said to be omitted in regard to wools intended for white cloths; and manufacturers who dye their own wool frequently put it into the dyeing-vat unscoured; a process which, while it enables him to make a greater weight of cloth from his wool, injures the brightness of the colors. It also makes it needful that the oil afterwards used should be increased one-third at least; and gives a general want of cleanliness and comfort to the whole manufacture. Berthollet states that in this operation, properly conducted, one-fourth of the previous weight of the wool is taken off; and he attributes to the ammonia of the putrefied urine its detergent quality. Vauquelin having analysed the grease, or yolk, as it sometimes is called, thus discharged, found it to consist of 1. A soap, with a basis of potash, which formed its chief parts. 2. Carbonate of potash, in small quantity. 5. A little muriate of potash. He thinks the ammonia contained in the putrefied urine not to be conducive to its action, and advises the use of ordinary soap as better fitted to procure the desired whiteness to wools. When wool is dyed in the fleece, or without being spun, it is now ready to be committed to the dye-furnace; and this is principally the case when it is to be employed for forming cloths of mixed colors; otherwise it is dyed after being spun. But it is most commonly dyed in the form of cloth. In the making of superfine cloths, in Hampshire, the wool, after dyeing, is again washed, well dried and beaten with rods on wooden hurdles, to free it from the dye-stuff, which still hangs about it; or this effect is produced by putting it into a wool-mill, formed of a fourflapped vane or fan thinly set with iron spikes, and swiftly revolving within a hollow cylinder of small wooden rods or staves; sufficiently wide apart to suffer the dust to fall through, as the wool becomes separated by the motion of the fans. It is now once more carefully picked, in order to take out the locks which are unevenly dyed, and also the lint, and other filth with which wool in this state abounds. In the manufacture of mixed cloths, wool of the different colors, being weighed out in their requisite proportions, are first shaken well together; they are then further mixed, by being well turned in the woolmill, and, by being afterwards twice passed through the scribbling engine instead of once, they are generally found to be sufficiently intermixed. The nature of wool, as a species of hair, has been well illustrated by M. Monge in his Observations sur le Mécanisme du Feûtrage, Ann. de Chimie, tom. vi. The surface of all these objects,' he observes, 'is formed of rigid plates, superposed or tiled from the root to the point, permitting progressive movement towards the root, and resisting a similar movement towards the point. This conformation is the main cause of the tendency to felting, which the hairs of all animals in general possess.' But this conformation, it is clear, must be an obstacle to the spinning of wool, and the fabrication of cloth. Their fibres, therefore, are now coated with oil, which, by filling up the cavities, renders their asperity less perceptible in these operations, just as a film of oil is put upon a smooth file when we wish to render it still smoother. For fine cloths, Gallipoli, or olive oil, is principally used: and rape oil for coarse cloths. In still coarser goods, and where color is not an object, fish-oil is sometimes employed; but if the latter remain in the wool or cloth, it is subject to a fermentation injurious to the cloth, and turns it brown. Combustion has even sometimes been known to take place from |