principal an agent therein, that fpeech itself, and all the variety thereof, doth among all forts of men go by the name of tongue; There were in the days of the apoftles dwelling at Jerusalem devout men out of every nation under heaven, Acts ii. 5. and they all faid, we do hear them fpeak, ταῖς ἡμητέραις γλώσσαις, in our own tongues, the wonderful works of God, ver. 11. And this great miracle, both as unto hearing, and alfo unto fpeaking, is introduced by the appearance of cloven tongues, ver. 3. to fhew that the chiefeft inftrument of the voice was to be acted by the Holy Ghoft; For they began to speak with other tongues as the Spirit gave them utterance, ver. 4. Among the many expreffions that the word of God abounds with, for the confirmation of this truth, I cannot but take special notice of that of David, where he faith, There is not a word in my tongue, but thou knoweft it altogether, Pfal. cxxxix. 4. As if that member alone kept the power of words within itself, and ordered them all according to its own pleasure; and where there is an inability of speaking, it is aptly faid, fuch perfons are tongue-tied, and when that faculty is again restored, it is said, the tongue is loofed, Mat. vii. 35. and fo was it with Zacharias, concerning whom, after he had been dumb for a season, it is faid, his mouth was opened immediately, and his tongue loofed, and he spake and praised God, Luke i. 64.

by which man uttereth his voice, are formed against these several parts, fometime more against one, fometime more against another; have aptly divided their letters, the first compounding parts of words, into gutturales, linguales, palatinas, dentales, & labiales, according as in their pronunciation they bear themfelves the hardest against either of those parts.

That part which these two artists have called guttur, anatomists do more strictly and properly call, trachea five afpera arteria; and fince the word artery is derived ἀπὸ τὸ τὸν αέρα Tngew, this of all the parts of the body may primarily and most aptly bear that name: for this is the great conduit-pipe of air in respiration; it gives pass unto it in inspiration, and and in expiration (whereby the voice is framed) it gives a certain impreffion, which is the first alteration of it towards articulation; which impreffion doth remain in the voice when perfected; fo that if these parts do first difpofe the voice to hoarfnefs or thrilnefs, or any other preternatural tone, the whole fpeech hath a tincture of the fame imperfection. And hence it is, that the Welch pronunciation being performed by too hard a collifion of the air against these parts, makes all their letters and words to become guttural.

The fecond inftrument of the voice is the tongue, and this, by reafon of its fungous fubftance, and volubility, is fo meet, and fo principal

principal an agent therein, that speech itself, and all the variety thereof, doth among all forts of men go by the name of tongue; There were in the days of the apoftles dwelling at Jerufalem devout men out of every nation under heaven, Acts ii. 5. and they all faid, we do hear them fpeak, ταῖς ἡμητέραις γλώσσαις, in our own tongues, the wonderful works of God, ver. 11. And this great miracle, both as unto hearing, and alfo unto fpeaking, is introduced by the appearance of cloven tongues, ver. 3. to fhew that the chiefest inftrument of the voice was to be acted by the Holy Ghoft; For they began to speak with other tongues as the Spirit gave them utterance, ver. 4. Among the many expreffions that the word of God abounds with, for the confirmation of this truth, I cannot but take special notice of that of David, where he faith, There is not a word in my tongue, but thou knoweft it altogether, Pfal. cxxxix. 4. As if that member alone kept the power of words within itself, and ordered them all according to its own pleasure; and where there is an inability of speaking, it is aptly faid, fuch perfons are tongue-tied, and when that faculty is again restored, it is said, the tongue is loofed, Mat. vii. 35. and fo was it with Zacharias, concerning whom, after he had been dumb for a season, it is said, his mouth was opened immediately, and his tongue loofed, and he spake and praised God, Luke i. 64.

The third instrument towards the formation of the voice is the palate of the mouth, for befide, that fome particular letters and words are formed more immediately against this part, it doth also give ftrength and clearness to the whole voice, and to all the words that are pronounced in the mouth. And this it doth the better do, because the tenuous bone that makes the palate, is an arched roof, covered over with a nervous skin, corrugated with feveral afperities, for the better retaining and rebounding the air in the voice. And all our places dedicated to Divine Service, are made of the fame concamerated form on the top of them, (queftionless in imitation hereof) for the better founding and echoing forth both of vocal and instrumental mufick. And befide the bone which conftitutes the palate, there is a little fleshy part, which is called the uvula, that doth fo much contribute to the voice, that it defervedly retains the name of plectrum vocis *. That the palate or roof of the mouth is a great instrument in speaking, is fufficiently proved by the defect thereof, for if there be the least fault in this part, there presently fucceeds a faltering in the speech. So that a man may fay to any fon of Venus, who hath followed her deftructive enticements to this imperfection, Thou alfo art one of them, thy speech bewrayeth thee. This part, together with that last mentioned,

Paulus Ægineta, 1. 6. c. 51.

tioned, is taken notice of, as serviceable unto fpeech, by Job, when he faith, The nobles held their peace, and their tongue cleaved to the roof of their mouth, Job xxix. 10. And God himself faith unto the Prophet, I will make thy tongue cleave to the roof of thy mouth that thou shalt be dumb, Ezek. iii. 26.

Fourthly, The teeth, and especially the four fore-teeth, are very instrumental to our speech; dentition and locution are for the most part contemporaries; toothing and speaking usually come, and go together; the child cannot speak till he put forth his teeth, neither can he speak well, when he sheds them, nor leave his lifping till they come again. And the reason of it is, because there are many words that are pronounced by the dilatation of the tip of the tongue, and clapping of it against the teeth, which any man may easily experiment in himself, if he will but gently affay to pronounce any word that hath th together in it; and all those operators that live by setting in of arti-. ficial teeth, do obferve that they have more come to them upon the account of their speech, than for all other ends whatsoever; and indeed this ingenious help of art, doth in no other defect of nature make such compleat reparation.

The last inftruments of the voice are the lips; even as the afpera arteria (as was faid) gave the first articulation, fo thefe do give the ultimate completion to our words; so that when they

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have