here, of course, the rays cross, and diverge to the white screen on which the image of the object will be painted. Charles. I see the object is placed a little behind the focus. Tutor. If it were in the focus, it would be burnt to pieces immediately. The magnifying power of this instrument depends on the distance of the sheet or white screen; perhaps about 10 feet is as good a distance as any. You perceive that the size of the image is to that of the object as the distance of the former from the lens nm, is to that of the latter. James. Then the nearer the object to the lens, and the farther the screen from it, the greater the power of this microscope. Tutor. You are right, and if the object be only half an inch from the lens, and the screen nine feet, the image will be 46,656 times larger than the object: do you understand this? Charles. Yes, the object being only half an inch from the lens, and the image nine feet, or one hundred and eight inches, or two hundred and sixteen half inches, the diameter of the image will be two hundred and sixteen times larger than the diameter of the object, and this number multiplied into itself will give 46,656. Tutor. This instrument is calculated only to exhibit transparent objects, or such as the light can pass through in part. For opaque objects, a different microscope is used: and, indeed, there are an indefinite number of microscopes, and of them all, we may say, though in different degrees: The artificial convex will reveal The forms diminutive that each conceal; In curious limbs and clothing they surpass A world of beauties! that through all this frame BROWNE. CONVERSATION XXII. Of the Camera Obscura, Magic Lantern, and Multiplying Glass. Tutor. We shall now treat upon some miscellaneous subjects; of which the first shall be the Camera Obscura. Charles. What is a camera obscura? Tutor. The meaning of the term is a darkened chamber: the construction of it is very simple, and will be understood in a moment by F you, who know the properties of the convex lens. A convex lens placed in a hole of a windowshutter, will exhibit, on a white sheet of paper placed in the focus of the glass, all the objects on the outside, as fields, trees, men, houses, &c. in an inverted order. James. Is the room to be quite dark, except the light which is admitted through the lens? Tutor. It ought to be so; and, to have a very interesting picture, the sun should shine upon the objects. James. Is there no other kind of camera obscura? Tutor. A portable one may be made with a square box, in one side of which is to be fixed a tube, having a convex lens in it: within the box is a plain mirror, reclining backwards from the tube, in an angle of forty-five degrees. Charles. On what does this mirror reflect the image of the object? Tutor. The top of the box is a square of unpolished glass, on which the picture is formed. And if a piece of oiled paper be stretched on the glass, a landscape may be easily copied ; or the outline may be sketched on the rough surface of the glass. James. Why is the mirror to be placed at an angle of 45 degrees exactly? Tutor. The image of the objects would naturally be formed at the back of the box oppo site to the lens ; in order, therefore, to throw it on the top, the mirror must be so placed that the reflected ray shall be perpendicular to the incidental. In the box, according to its original make, the top is at right angles to the end, that is, at an angle of 90 degrees, therefore the mirror is put at half 90, or 45 degrees. Charles. Now the incident rays falling upon a surface which declines to an angle of 45 degrees, will be reflected at an equal angle of 45 degrees, which is the angle that the glass top of the box bears with respect to the mirror. James. If I understand you clearly, had the mirror been placed at the end of the box, or parallel to it, the rays would have been reflected back to the lens ; and none would have proceeded to the top of the box. Tutor. True: in the same manner as when one person stands before a looking-glass, another at the side of the room cannot see his image in the glass, because the rays flowing from him to the looking-glass are thrown back to himself again; but let each person stand on the opposite side of the room, while the glass is in the middle of the end of it, they will both stand at an angle of 45 degrees, with regard to the glass, and rays from each will be reflected to the other. Charles. Is the tube fixed in this machine? Tutor. No; it is made to draw out, or push in, so as to adjust the distance of the convex VOL. IIL-L glass from the mirror, in proportion to the distance of the outward objects, till they are distinctly painted on the horizontal glass. James. Will you now explain the structure of the magic-lantern, which has long afforded us occasional amusement? Tutor. This little machine consists, as you know, of a sort of tin box; within which is a lamp or candle: the light of this passes through a great plano-convex lens, placed in a tube fixed in the front. This strongly illuminates the objects which are painted on slips of glass, and placed before the lens in an inverted position. A sheet, or other white surface, is placed to receive the images. Charles. Do you invert the glasses on which the figures are drawn, in order that the images of them may be erect? Tutor. Yes: and the illumination may be greatly increased, and the effect much more powerful, by placing a concave mirror at the back of the lamp. Charles. Did you not tell us that the Phantasmagoria, which we saw at the Lyceum, was a species of the magic-lantern? Tutor. There is this difference between them : in common magic-lanterns, the figures are painted on transparent glass, consequently the image on the screen is a circle of light, having a figure or figures on it; but in the Phantasmagoria, all the glass is made opaque, except the |