6 Site of the ancient Gate of the Keep. 11 Towers which are solid one story high.

As the stranger rambles about its ruins, he has pointed out to him, the kitchen, known by its large fire-placethe banquetting hall—and various other apartments which were all required when the kings and lords of Man resided there. It was the chief residence of the kings of the race of Gorree, who generally dwelt on the Island; and the occasional residence of the Stanleys. James, the seventh Earl of Derby, resided there from 1643 to 1651; and, "besides the garrison soldiers, he kept a troop at free quarterage." His heroic lady, who was resident with her family in Castle Rushen at the time when the Island surrendered to Duckenfield, was detained prisoner there till the restoration."

James, the tenth Earl of Derby, resided in the Castle of Rushen during the winter of 1712.3 He was the last of the Derby Lords of Man.

The garrisons were built and kept in repair by a kind of statutory labour of suits and services called carriages. Four carriages were required for every quarterland, and one for every cottage or intack holding, and had to be" performed either by labour of horses or by service of men, as the governor might think fit to order.

As it was an ancient law of the Island that the inhabi- " tants should do their duties and services at the building and repairing of the forts and garrisons, either by service of themselves in person, or by the service of some sufficient and able labourer in their behalf; and as many of the better sort of farmers were in the habit of sending boys and children to such work, thereby throwing the burden on the poor people who were constrained to serve in their persons, it was enacted that "notwithstanding these

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1 Rolt's History of the Isle of Man, p. 89.

2 Seacome, p. 383.

3 Lex Scripta, pp. 229, 235.

* Ibid, p. 202.

& The number of quarterlands in the Island is 759.—Quayle's Agriculture of the

works were for the honour and security of the country, thenceforth any person so offending should forfeit a sum of sixpence to the Lord, for every such offence."1

The materials of stone, slate, and lime, used for such purposes, were produced on the Island, and a part of the wood imported-called custom timber-was retained for the Lord's use."

The castles were also supplied with provisions and fuel in a similar manner: "Whereas, heretofore every quarter of land hath been accustomed to pay every year a beefe into the Castle and Peele, which is above six hundred beeves a year. It is my desire that one hundred of the poor sort shall be spared every year, at the discretion of my captaine and the rest of my chief officers, and so to pay yearly 500 beeves, if the country like well of this my order, or els to pay as they have been accustomed heretofore, and I to be answered which of these ways the country will make choice of; provided always, that this shall not in any ways hinder or be prejudiciall, if any occasion of wars, or other causes, whereby I shall have occasion to send more number than my ordinary garrison for defence of the said Island; but that then provision may be according to the ancient lawes of my said Island, to have what is necessary."

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Isle of Man, London, 1812, p. 134.-When money was substituted for labour, for every quarterland, two shillings, and for every intack, sixpence was required in lieu of carriage services. "This has fallen into disuse since 1773, when people began to refuse payment: and since the death of General Wood, about 1777, it does not appear to have been demanded."-Feltham, p. 179. "In 1776, an act was passed to provide for the repairing of highways by statutory labour, founded on the old law for repairing the garrisons: thus the proprietor of each quarterland might be called to find the labour of twelve men to the roads in each year. The number of inferior holdings called cottages and intacks, paying quit-rent to the several lords of manors, was about 2,700. In proportion to the amount of quit-rent paid, the proprietor or occupier might be called upon for three, six, or twelve men each.”—Lex Scripta, pp. 392— 395.

1 Statutes 1645-1703; Lex Scripta, pp. 130, 202. 2 Statute 1593; Lex Scripta, p. 88.

3 Statates 1645; Ordinance of 1593; Lex Scripta, p. 88.

A clerk was appointed to sit within the gates of the castle with the porters and one of the hall-keepers, to receive the carriage, turff, and ling, and to mark the number received into the turff book, which was to be examined weekly by the comptroller: "that those who make default by bringing not the said turff, may for every carriage pay fourpence." A carriage consisted of "fifty two truves, one cubit long each, and three inches square in the middest."

At the accession of the House of Stanley to the sovereignty of Man, an ancient custom was given for law: "That for every fishing-boat on the coast, whether belonging to landholders, barons, officers, or soldiers, a castle maze should be paid out of every five maze, and so in proportion as such boat went to sea;" but by an act of Tynwald, in 1613, the tax was commuted to four mazes, from a countryman who kept a scowte, for the fishing season; strangers, however, were required to pay two mazes out of the first night's fishing, and a like number weekly; but for smaller boats only half that quantity was required."

Every parish had, likewise, to pay setting corn to the ? castles. There were required to be kept in each castle, "xi bowles of maut ground, and xi bowles wheate, the maut to be laid upon the floor, and the wheate to be put into pipes ;" and it was ordered, "that thirty cast of bread be made out of one bowle of wheate, and ten hogsheads of beer from nine bowles of maut; and that no chessel, brand, or grain go forth of the castle into any man's house before said brand be seen by the butler and two of the hall-keepers, nor till the bread be brought into the pantrie."

The receivers, stewards, cooks, and slaughtermen were

1 Statutes 1561-1593; Lex Scripta, pp. 40, 86.

2 Statutes 1422, 1613; Lex Scripta, pp. 4, 101. These statutes relative to the payment of herrings and turf to the castles, having become obsolete, were repealed in 1777.-Lex Scripta, p. 406.

also required to see, "that the beeves be brought into the castles, killed and salted, between Michaelmas and St. Andrew's day, so many as they shall need at the said castles till St. Andrew's day come again, except every week one beefe to be spent through the year; and the said beeves left unkilled of the stores, to remain in the hands of the richest men, and best farmers; and that they be charged to keep them upon double value of said beeves, until they be called for to the use of the said castles."1

The receiver was neither to sell nor exchange hides without consent of the captain or comptroller, or his deputy and other officers; and the hides so sold or exchanged were to be examined by six of the soldiers, that the number of ox hides, and the number of cow hides might be ascertained; and the same was to be entered by the comptroller or his deputy, at the week's end, in the household books; and all hides exchanged for wares were to be examined in like manner.

No salt was to be received into the castles except by indenture between the receiver and the steward, and the same was to be delivered at the audit, with other accounts." When a vessel arrived with merchandise, the constituted authorities and the military were supplied with the various articles required, before any purchase could be made for the use of private individuals: "The comptroller was to consult what was needful for the castles, and then to send

1 Statutes 1422, 1561, 1593; Lex Scripta, pp. 18, 40, 41, 86. Besides receiving provisions for the garrison, it was enacted, "That our honourable Lord be victualled when he is here himself for as much as shall need to larder or expences to take, that is to say a cow or beefe, price iiijs., at two head courts in the yeare of every sheading, two martes, the price of every mart iijs. iiijd.; and when the lieutenant is here, a mart every week, with other victualls, that is to say the price of a mart, iiijs; a mutton, vjs; a porke, iiijs; a lamb, jd; a kid, ob; a pig, jd; a goose, ob from Easter to Midsummer, and from Midsummer, jd; and this is by use and custome; and if you need more take more."-Lex Scripta, p. 16. The place of delivery was at Ballavaaish, in the parish of German, and hence its name, place of the cattle," and from their being slaughtered there, "the place of death." 2 Old customary law first committed to writing in 1422; ap. Lex Scripta, p.

the

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