VI.

POLICY OF PERIKLES.

For he said that, if they pursued a policy of selfrestraint, and developed their navy, without seeking to extend their empire in the war, or doing anything to endanger the state, they would be victorious. But in all these respects they took the opposite course; and besides they were led by considerations of private ambition and private interest to engage in schemes seemingly extraneous to the war, with evil result both to themselves and to their allies, schemes which if successful were chiefly for the honour and advantage of individuals, while their failure proved an obstacle to the state in the prosecution of the war. And the reason was this: Pericles, on the strength of the great influence which his reputation and his cleverness had secured to him, and of the clear proof which he had given of his complete superiority to bribery, used boldly to check the people; not seeking his power by unworthy arts, but holding it by the title of merit, never speaking to please, but upon occasion provoking his hearers by contradiction, he rather led them than allowed them to lead him. Thus whenever he perceived that they were at all unduly emboldened by arrogance, he would by his language cow them into timidity, and if on the contrary they were unreasonably afraid, he would re-establish their confidence again. And so there came to be nominally a democracy, really an empire held by the leading citizen. His successors, however, who were more on an equality with one another, while they endeavoured each to be first, set themselves to gratify the people even to the extent of giving them the control of the imperial policy.

W. E. C.

VII.

ΝΑΥΜΑΧΙΑ.

οἱ δὲ Πελοποννήσιοι, ἐπειδὴ αὐτοῖς οἱ ̓Αθηναῖοι οὐκ ἐπέπλεον ἐς τὸν κόλπον καὶ τὰ στενά, βουλόμενοι ἄκοντας ἔσω προαγαγεῖν αὐτούς, ἀναγόμενοι ἅμα ἕ ἔπλεον, ἐπὶ τεσσάρων ταξάμενοι τὰς ναῦς, ἐπὶ τὴν ἐναντίαν γῆν' ἔσω ἐπὶ τοῦ κόλπου δεξιῷ κέρᾳ ἡγου μένῳ ὥσπερ καὶ ὥρμουν· ἐπὶ δ ̓ αὐτῷ εἴκοσι ἔταξαν τὰς ἄριστα πλεούσας, ὅπως, εἰ ἄρα νομίσας ἐπὶ τὴν Ναύπακτον αὐτοὺς πλεῖν ὁ Φορμίων καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπιβοηθῶν ταύτῃ παραπλέοι, μὴ διαφύγοιεν πλέοντα τὸν ἐπίπλουν σφῶν οἱ ̓Αθηναῖοι ἔξω τοῦ ἑαυτῶν κέρως, ἀλλ ̓ αὗται αἱ νῆες περικλῄσειαν. ὁ δέ, ὅπερ ἐκεῖνοι προσεδέχοντο, φοβηθεὶς περὶ τῷ χωρίῳ ἐρήμῳ ὄντι, ὡς ἑώρα ἀναγομένους αὐτούς, ἄκων καὶ κατὰ σπουδὴν ἐμβιβάσας ἔπλει παρὰ τὴν γῆν· καὶ ὁ πεζὸς ἅμα τῶν Μεσσηνίων παρεβοήθει. ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ Πελοποννήσιοι κατὰ μίαν ἐπὶ κέρως παραπλέοντας καὶ ἤδη ὄντας ἐντὸς τοῦ κόλπου τε καὶ πρὸς τῇ γῇ, ὅπερ ἐβούλοντο μάλιστα, ἀπὸ σημείου ἑνὸς ἄφνω ἐπιστρέψαντες τὰς ναῦς μετωπηδὸν ἔπλεον, ὡς εἶχε τάχους ἕκαστος, ἐπὶ τοὺς ̓Αθηναίους, καὶ ἤλπιζον πάσας τὰς ναῦς ἀπολήψεσθαι. τῶν δὲ ἕνδεκα μὲν αἵπερ ἡγοῦντο ὑπεκφεύ γουσι τὸ κέρας τῶν Πελοποννησίων καὶ τὴν ἐπιστροφὴν ἐς τὴν εὐρυχωρίαν· τὰς δὲ ἄλλας ἐπικαταλαβόντες

1 ἐπὶ τὴν ἐναντίαν γῆν] Not being satisfied with the reading ἐπὶ τὴν ἑαυτῶν γῆν, I have introduced a conjectural correction of my See Journal of Philology, II. 333.

own.

VII.

MANEUVRES IN THE GULF OF CORINTH.

The Peloponnesians, finding that the Athenians did not sail into the narrow waters of the gulf to meet them, and wishing to bring them there in spite of themselves, put out to sea at daybreak with their ships drawn up. four abreast and sailed east in the direction of the gulf so as to threaten the opposite coast, the right wing leading in accordance with its position at anchor: on this wing they stationed their fastest sailers, twenty in number, in order that, if Phormion thinking they were sailing against Naupaktus should himself sail along the coast in that direction to relieve the place, the Athenians, instead of escaping the movement of their advancing squadron and getting clear of their wing, might be intercepted by the fast sailers above-mentioned. Phormion, as the Peloponnesians expected, seeing them putting out to sea, and being alarmed for the safety of Naupaktus which was unprotected, reluctantly and hastily embarked his men and sailed along the shore, while at the same time the Messenian land force moved to the rescue. When the Peloponnesians saw the Athenians sailing along the coast in single file and now within the gulf, close to the shore, the very thing they desired, wheeling suddenly at a signal they sailed in line against the Athenians, each captain making such speed as he could, in the hope of capturing the whole fleet. And while eleven Athenian ships, those which were leading, escaped the Peloponnesian wing as it wheeled, and sailed into mid channel, the rest, as they

ἐξέωσάν τε πρὸς τὴν γῆν ὑποφευγούσας καὶ διέφθειραν, ἄνδρας τε τῶν ̓Αθηναίων ἀπέκτειναν ὅσοι μὴ ἐξένευ σαν αὐτῶν. καὶ τῶν νεῶν τινὰς ἀναδούμενοι είλκον κενάς, μίαν δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀνδράσιν εἷλον· τὰς δέ τινας οἱ Μεσσήνιοι παραβοηθήσαντες καὶ ἐπεσβαίνοντες ξὺν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐς τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ ἐπιβάντες, ἀπὸ τῶν καταστρωμάτων μαχόμενοι ἀφείλοντο ἑλκομένας ἤδη.

THUCYDIDES, II. 90.

VIII.

ΑΠΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΑΛΚΙΒΙΑΔΟΥ.

οὐδέ γε ἄδικον ἐφ' ἑαυτῷ μέγα φρονοῦντα μὴ ἴσον εἶναι, ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ κακῶς πράσσων πρὸς οὐδένα τῆς ξυμφορᾶς ἰσομοιρεῖ. ἀλλ ̓ ὥσπερ δυστυχοῦντες οὐ προσαγορευόμεθα, ἐν τῷ ὁμοίῳ τις ἀνεχέσθω καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν εὐπραγούντων ὑπερφρονούμενος, ἢ τὰ ἴσα νέμων τὰ ὅμοια ἀνταξιούτω. οἶδα δὲ τοὺς τοιούτους, καὶ ὅσοι ἔν τινος λαμπρότητι προέσχον, ἐν μὲν τῷ κατ ̓ αὐτοὺς βίῳ λυπηροὺς ὄντας, τοῖς ὁμοίοις μὲν μάλιστα ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ξυνόντας, τῶν δὲ ἔπειτα ἀνθρώπων προσποίησίν τε ξυγγενείας τισὶ καὶ μὴ οὖσαν κατα λιπόντας, καὶ ἧς ἂν ὦσι πατρίδος, ταύτῃ αὔχησιν, ὡς

were endeavouring to escape, were overtaken, driven on shore, and disabled, and such of the men as did not leave them and swim to the land were put to the sword. The Peloponnesians fastened hawsers to several of the Athenian ships and proceeded to tow them away empty, only one having been captured with its crew on board. The Messenians however came to the rescue, plunged into the sea armed as they were, got on board, and fighting from the decks recovered several when they were already being towed away.

H. J.

VIII.

ALKIBIADES DEFENDS HIS OWN
CONDUCT.

Neither is it unfair that if a man is proud of his doings he should hold himself aloof, since in like manner he who is in trouble has no partner in his misfortune. But as when we are unfortunate we are not spoken to, so on the same principle people must tolerate our pride when we are in prosperity, or else share their own successes with us before they claim a like return. And I know that men of this sort, and all who have been especially distinguished in any way, are in their own lifetime disliked, chiefly by their equals, and next in their intercourse with other people, but that in succeeding generations persons are found to claim relationship with them, even when none exists, and their country, which