become quite clear, and then mix ten pails of each. Boil the cotton in this mixture five hours, then wash it in running water, and dry it. Step. 2. Bain bis, or gray steep.-Take a sufficient quantity (ten pails) of the strong barilla water in a tub, and mix with it two pailfuls of sheep's dung; then pour into it two quart bottles of sulphuric acid, one pound of gum-arabic, and one pound of sal ammoniac, both previously dissolved in a sufficient quantity of weak barilla water; and lastly, twenty-five pounds of olive oil, previously dissolved, or well mixed with two pails of the weak barilla water. The materials of this steep being well mixed, tread down the cotton into it until it is well soaked; let it steep twenty-four hours, then wring it hard and dry it. Steep it again twenty-four hours, and again wring and dry it. Steep it a third time twenty-four hours, after which wring and dry it; and, lastly, wash it well, and dry it.

Step. 3. The white steep.-This part of the process is precisely the same with the last in every particular, except that the sheep's dung is omitted in the composition of the steep.

Step. 4. Gall steep.-Boil twenty-five pounds of bruised galls in ten pails of river water, until four or five are boiled away; strain the liquor into a tub, and pour cold water on the galls in the strainer to wash out of them all their tincture. As soon as the liquor is become milk-warm, dip your cotton, hank by bank, handling it carefully all the time, and let it steep twenty-four hours. Then wring it carefully and equally, and dry it well without washing.

Step. 5. First alum steep.-Dissolve twentyfive pounds of Roman alum in fourteen pails of warm water, without making it boil, scum the liquor well, add two pails of strong barilla water, and then let it cool until it is lukewarm. Dip your cotton, and handle it hank by hank, and let it steep twenty-four hours; wring it equally, and dry it well without washing.

Step. 6. Second alum steep.-This is in every particular like the last; but, after the cotton is dry, steep it six hours in the river, and then wash and dry it.

Step. 7. Dyeing steep.—The cotton is dyed hy about ten pounds at once, for which take about two gallons and a half of bullock's blood, mix it in the copper with twenty-eight pails of milkwarm water, stir it well, add twenty-five pounds of madder, and lastly, stir all well together. Then having beforehand put the cotton on sticks, dip it into the liquor, and move and turn it constantly one hour, during which gradually increase the heat until the liquor begins to boil at the end of the hour. Then sink the cotton, and boil it gently one hour longer; and lastly, wash it and dry it.

Take out so much of the boiling liquor, that what remains may produce a milk-warm heat with the fresh water with which the copper is again filled up, and then proceed to make up a dyeing liquor, as above, for the next ten pounds of cotton.

Step. 8. The firing steep.-Mix equal parts of the gray steep liquor and of the white steep liquor, taking five or six pails of each. Tread down the cotton into this mixture, and let it steep

six hours: then wring it moderately and equally and dry it without washing.

Step. 9. Brightening steep.-Ten pounds of white soap must be dissolved very carefully and completely in sixteen or eighteen pails of warm water if any little bits of the soap remain undissolved, they will make spots in the cotton. Add four pails of strong barilla water, and stir it well. Sink the cotton in this liquor, keeping it down with cross sticks, and cover it up; boil it gently two hours, then wash it and dry it, and it is finished.

MADDISON, a county of the United States, in Georgia. Chief town, Danielsville. Maddison springs are in this county five miles from Danielsville. The waters are chalybeate.

MADDISON, a county of the Alabama territory, United States. The chief town Huntsville.

MADDISON, a county of the United States, in New York, erected from Chenango county, in 1806. It is bounded north and north-easterly by Oneida lake and county, east by about ten miles of Otsego county, south by Chenango county, west by about four miles on Cortland county, and twenty-seven on Onondaga county. The area is 616 square miles, or 394,240 acres. The surface is uneven in the south part; the northern part is quite level. Its manufactures are of importance, although a large proportion of the inhabitants are husbandmen. It sends three members to the house of assembly. Population 25,144.

MADDISON, a central county of the state of Virginia, is bounded north-east by Culpepper county, south by Orange county, and W. N. W. by Shenandoah county. Population 8381, of which 3970 are slaves.

MADDISON, a county of Ohio, United States, west of Franklin county. Population 1603. The chief town is London.

MADDISON, a county of the United States, in the state of Illinois. Edwardsville the chief town.

MADDISON, a county of the United States, in Kentucky. Population, in 1815, 15,540, including 3037 slaves. Richmond the chief town. MADDISON, a post town of the United States, and capital of Morgan county, Georgia.

MADDISON, a town of the United States, the chief town of Jefferson county, in the state of Ohio. It is situated on the Ohio, thirty miles below Vevay.-Also a recently established town of the United States in Indiana. MAD'EFY, v. a. Lat. madefio. Το MADEFACTION, n. s. ( moisten; make wet: the act of wetting.

To all madefaction there is required an imbibition. Bacon.

MADEIRAS.-The Madeira Islands, two in number, Madeira Proper and Porto Santo, are situated between lat. 32° 22′ and 33° 10′ N., and long. 17° 30′ and 16° 20′ W., and 150 leagues from Cape Blanco in Africa. See PORTO SANTO.

Madeira is sixty miles long and twenty broad, containing 407 square miles, or 260,480 square acres. It is one immense mountain, at the summit of which is an excavation, supposed to have been the crater of a volcano. It is now covered

with grass. The quantity of lava and other volcanic matters found on the island are a sufficient proof of the former existence of subterranean fires. The various branches of this mountain are separated by narrow glens, the sides of which are thinly covered with soil, but nevertheless fully reward the high cultivation they have received. Many of them have neat villages and hamlets, and all possess rivulets of fine water. The climate is mild and temperate, and often recommended in pulmonary complaints. The dif ferent elevations, however, afford every variety of temperature, from the scorching heat of the torrid zone, to the moderate cold of middle Europe. In January the summit of the mountain is covered with snow, while at Funchal the thermometer is at 64°. The minimum is not lower than 55°; the maximum (except with 'a south-east wind, when it rises at times to 95°) does not exceed 76°.

The importance of Madeira as a colony is derived solely from its vineyards, which are enclosed with hedges of the prickly pear, wild rose bushes, myrtle, and pomegranate. The wild grape is the most generally cultivated, but there is also a red grape which gives a white wine, called batardo, and another white grape which produces a reddish wine, called tinto, known in the English market by the name of London particular. The quantity of wine annually produced is estimated at an average of 25,000 pipes, of 120 gallons each, of which 15,000 are exported, viz. to England 4500: to the East Indies 5500: to the West Indies 3000 to the United States, &c., 2000. The remaining 10,000 pipes are consumed in the island. About 500 pipes of a sweet wine, called Malmsey, is also made. The price of wine on the island has been of late on the increase. In 1790 the first quality of the dry wine sold for £32. In 1804 it was risen to £45. In the former year a pipe of Malmsey sold for £60. The other vegetable productions of the island are the eddoe root, on which the poor class chiefly subsist, and the leaves of which are given as food to their hogs. Sweet potatoes is another article of common food, as well as chestnuts, which are planted in the high parts of the island unfit for vines. Wheat and barley are sown in the vineyards, when the vines are nearly worn out; but the whole produce of these grains does not exceed three months' consumption, the deficiency being made up from the Azores, and North and South America. Sugar cane is also cultivated on this island, from whence it is said to have been first carried to America. The island also produces the mastic tree, and other gums, together with the cinnamon, cedar, &c. The gardens produce most of the European fruits, as well as the plantain, guava, &c., of the tropics.

The only wild animal is the rabbit, and the only reptile the lizard; but common domestic animals are in abundance. The custom of turning the hogs into the woods, to seek their food, has produced a half-wild breed, which are hunted. The population of the island is from 80,000 to 90,000, according to Mr. Barrow and lord Macartney; but other estimates make it as high as 110,000 and even 130,000.

Negro slavery, to the great credit of Portugal, is not permitted in this island, so that the body of the people are of Portuguese descent and the peasantry are a remarkably fine and healthy race; but a great deal of distress and mendicity is said to be visible at times. The middling class in Funchal are clothed in black. The Portuguese gentry live in a proud retired manner, associating little with the English, or any strangers: and the poverty which prevails in the country is not suffered to appear in the edifices and establishments of the Catholic religion. The city abounds in churches, and in the country a chapel is said to be found at every fifty yards. Many of these are handsomely built. In the city, the most opulent part of the inhabitants consists of British merchants, who live in a splendid hospitality: it is upon them also that the Portuguese poor chiefly depend.

The military force in 1790 consisted of 150 infantry of the line, 150 artillery, 2000 regular militia, clothed, armed, and exercised, and 10,000 irregular militia. The island is divided into two captaineries, named Machico and Funchal. The English have twenty commercial houses at Madeira, whose union forms the British factory, and who almost monopolise the whole trade. The exports, besides wine, are insignificant, consisting of some wood, mastic, and other gums, honey, wax, and orchilla.

The whole value of exports is estimated at £500,000, of which England and her colonies take £400,000, the United States £90,000, and Portugal only £10,000. The imports are, from England, manufactures for £300,000; from the United States, lumber, corn, &c., for £100,000; and about the same value from Portugal, the Brasils, and Azores, so that the imports and exports balance each other. The revenue consists of one-tenth of the produce of the vineyards, and a duty of ten per cent. on imports, and eleven per cent. on exports, producing altogether about £100,000, the annual expenses being about £70,000; a nett revenue consequently remains to the crown of 30,000, but some years this sum is said to be reduced to one-third.

Funchal, the only town of Madeira, is situated on the south coast, on a large open bay, but which has, at no season, convenient anchorage. See FUNCHAL.

Madeira is said to have been early visited by an English vessel, which left here a gentleman of the name of Macham or Machim, and a French lady to whom he was attached. Mr. Bowles has founded upon this story, says lord Byron,

a gentle episode: And gravely tells (attend each beauteous miss) When first Madeira trembled to a kiss.

Of course our author meant to say, what appears to have been the truth, that Madeira was uninhabited when first discovered: the Portuguese made the first settlement here, and have ever since retained the sovereignty.

The first landing was made in 1419; and in 1431 Don Henry of Portugal sent Tristan Tessora, and Gonsalvo Zarco, with a colony, to take possession of the islard. They now divided it into

year seldom passes without an accident. When the surf is unusually high, a catamaran, or raft of three pieces of wood lashed together, with two men on it, attends the Masula boats with passengers, and has often saved lives when the boat has been swamped. These catamarans, furnished with a sail, are also used for fishing, and go out to sea several leagues with the morning land wind, and return with the sea breeze. Upwards of 1000 species of fish are found at Madras and along the Coromandel coast; but the numbers of each species is not great, doubtless from the agitation of the waters.

To the south of Madras is a level plain, called the Choultry, where the English have a great number of elegant houses; and at the south extremity of the plain is Chepauk, the palace of the nabob of Arcot, almost concealed in a grove. Ennore is a village on a salt lake, eight leagues north of Madras. The lake abounds in fish and oysters; with which latter it supplies the English of Madras, who also make parties of pleasure to fish and sail on the lake.

Armagon, or Duraspatam, before the establishment of Madras was the chief settlement of the English on the Coromandel coast, in 1628 being described as mounting twelve guns round the factory, with a guard of twenty-three factors and

soldiers.

The Madras territory is now at least 700 miles in length, but of disproportionate breadth. The first important accession it received was the Jagier district of 108 miles in length, by forty-seven in breadth, obtained from Mohammed Aly, the nabob of the Carnatic, in 1750. It next obtained, in 1769, the five provinces, called the Northern Circars, from the great Mogul. In the wars with Tippoo Sultan several districts were added by cession from the Nizam and others; and finally the whole of the Carnatic was taken possession of in 1801, except a small portion assigned to the nabob Azeem al Omrah for his private estate.

The countries subject to this presidency, comprehend nearly the whole of India south of the river Kistnah, and the extensive province denominated the Northern Circars; within these boundaries, however, there are three native princes, the rajahs of Mysore, Travancore, and Cochin, who collect revenues, and exercise a certain degree of authority; but, with reference to external politics, are wholly dependent on the British government, are protected by a military force, and pay a large annual tribute. The rest of the country is under the immediate jurisdiction of the governor and council at Madras; and has been subdivided into the districts of Arcot, Bellary, Canara, Chingleput, Chittore, Coimbatoor, Combaconum, Cuddapah, Ganjam, Guntoor, Madras, Madura, Malabar North, Malabar South, Masulipatam, Nellore, Rajahmundry, Salem, Seringapatam, Tanjore, Tinnevelly, Tritchinopoly, Verdachellum, and Vizagapatam, over each of which there is a European judge, and collector, with the requisite establishments. There are also four provincial courts of circuit and appeal, to which the above mentioned judges are subordinate, and a supreme court of appeal at Madras. The commerce of the East India

Company is carried on here by a certain number of their civil servants, denominated presidents, each of whom has the superintendance of a factory in different parts of the country, and receive their orders from the board of trade. The revenues arise principally from the land, which throughout India is considered generally as the property of government. The customs, excise, and post office, also yield a considerable revenue; but the charges lately exceeded the receipts by £500,000 sterling.

MADREPORA, in natural history, a genus of submarine substances; the characters of which are, that they are almost of a stony hardness resembling the corals, and are usually divided into branches, and pervious by many holes or cavities, which are frequently of a stellar figure. In the Linnæan system this is a genus of lythophyta: the animal that inhabits it is the Medusa. According to Donati, the color is white when polished; its surface is lightly wrinkled, and the wrinkles run lengthwise of the branches; in the centre there is a sort of cylinder, which is often pierced through its whole length by two or three holes. From this are detached about seventeen lamina, which run to the circumference in straight lines, and are transversely intersected by other laminæ, formning many irregular cavities; the cellules, which are composed of these laminæ ranged into a circle, are the habitations of little polypes, which are extremely tender animals, generally transparent, and variegated with beautiful colors. M. de Peyssonel observes, that those writers who only considered the figures of the submarine substances, denominated that class of them which seemed pierced with holes, pora; and those, the holes of which were large, they called madrepora. He defines them to be all those marine bodies which are of a stony substance without either bark or crust, and which have but one apparent opening at each extremity, furnished with rays that proceed from the centre to the circumference. He observes, that the body of the animal of the madrepora, whose flesh is so soft that it divides upon the gentlest touch, fills the centre; the head is placed in the middle, and surrounded by several feet or claws, which fill the intervals of the partitions observed in this substance, and are at pleasure brought to its head, and are furnished with yellow papillæ. He discovered that its head or centre was lifted up occasionally above the surface, and often contracted and dilated itself like the pupil of the eye: he saw all its claws moved, as well as its head or centre. When the animals of the madrepora are destroyed, its extremities become white. In the madrepora, he says, the animal occupies the extremity; and the substance is of a stony but more loose texture than the coral. This is formed, like other substances of the same nature, of a liquor which the animal discharges; and he adds, that some species of the polype of the madrepora are produced singly, and others in clusters.

MADRID, the capital of the Spanish monarchy, is situated near the centre of Spain on several low hills, part of the table land of New Castile bounded on the north by the mountains

of Guadarama, and stretching to a distant horizon in all other directions. The neighbourhood is dry, arid, and naked; being almost wholly destitute of trees and towns, but watered by the Manzanares, which in summer is frequently dry. This metropolis, though not commercial or the seat of any important manufactures, contains a number of handsome squares, streets, and buildings. The first amount to forty-two in number, mostly very small; but the Plaza Mayor and Puerta del Sol, when lighted, have a striking coup d'œil. The latter resembles a star, being crossed by five of the principal streets; the former is in the centre of Madrid, and is a regular oblong, surrounded by porticoes on freestone pillars; the houses are uniform, and five stories high, with balconies to each window. In the middle of one of the sides, is the palace called de la Panaderia, where the royal family come to witness public exhibitions; and on such occasions, particularly at the bull fights, still a favorite ainusement, the view of this square is said to be magnificent. Most of the streets in the old town are narrow and crooked, paved with sharp pointed stones, and some of the principal ones have foot paths only wide enough for one passenger; but in the modern parts of the town the streets are wide and straight; and the whole city is well lighted. The street of Alcala, entered by the gate of that name, is the handsomest in Madrid, and will admit ten carriages abreast. Several of the public buildings are elegant structures. The Palazio Real, which stands on an eminence at the western extremity of Madrid, has four extensive fronts, adorned with pillars and pilasters. The audience chamber, consisting of a double cube of ninety feet, is much admired, and the whole interior is highly ornamented. It contains a large collection of paintings by the best Spanish, Italian, and Flanders masters. The churches deserve attention, rather for the decoration of the interior than for their general architecture. The number of churches and chapels in Madrid, including those which belong to the monasteries, convents, &c., exceeds 130; and the ground they occupy, including those establishments, is very extensive. The custom-house, the post office, the state prison, the town hall, the council house, and the academy of St. Ferdinando, together with several of the hospitals, are worth notice. Another royal palace, the Buen Retiro, stands at the eastern extremity of Madrid, encompassed with handsome and extensive grounds. The houses of the first grandees are only distinguished from those of private citizens by their magnitude; their entrances and staircases are narrow, aukward, and mean. The palaces of the families of Berwic, Altamira, and Veraguas (the last belonging to the descendants of Columbus), are perhaps exceptions; and the interior of the great houses is generally in a better style; many of them contain master pieces both of painting and sculpture. Madrid has also several promenades beyond the walls, and the Prado within the city. It is a spacious area, laid out in public roads and walks, provided with chairs and benches, embellished with statues, and adorned with avenues of fine trees. The concourse of people here is sometimes prodigious, but presents a tiresome

uniformity; the ladies of high rank always keep in their carriages in the middle walk, while those who walk in the alleys are enveloped in their mantilla or large veil.

The great school, formerly the Jesuits' college, has sixteen masters, and teaches the classical and Hebrew languages, law, logic, natural and experimental philosophy, and ecclesiastical discipline. There is also a seminary, on a comprehensive plan, for the sons of the nobility and gentry. A botanic garden was laid out about the year 1770, for teaching the elements of that science; also a chemical school, and classes for engineering, for anatomy, and the practice of medicine; and there are academ.es for the study of history, painting, sculpture, and architecture; also for the Spanish language. This last has published a very superior dictionary on the plan of Dr. Johnson. The royal library contains above 100,000 volumes; and the cabinet of natural history has specimens of natural objects from various parts of the world, but chiefly from the Spanish colonies. Madrid contains a considerable number of book shops, but they have very few new works. The Escurial had for many years the exclusive privilege of printing. Female education, as in several Catholic countries, is chiefly conducted in the convents. The elevated site of the city, and the mountains that skirt the northern limits of the plain, being almost perpetually covered with snow, render the climate cool, and little inconvenience is experienced from the heat of summer; but it is also changeable and comparatively humid. The population, including the military and strangers, is estimated at 170,000. The chief manufactures of Madrid are those of tapestry, Mosaic work in stone, and porcelain, all belonging to the king, and consequently unproductive. In the midst of an unpropitious soil, destitute of arts, manufactures, and commerce, and almost of industry, it could not, it is said, procure subsistence from the adjacent country for ten days. It is, therefore, absolutely dependent on remote provinces, or foreign countries, for every article of utility or ornament, for all the luxuries, and even the necessaries of life. It is, in fact, only preserved from poverty and desertion by the expenditure of the court. The Spanish government has even discouraged, by heavy imposts, the culture of wine in the neighbourhood of the capital.

Madrid is first mentioned in history as a castle belonging to the king of Castile, which was sacked by the Moors in 1109: the court of Spain was not permanently fixed here till 1563. During the war of the succession (from 1702 to 1713) Madrid took a decided part in favor of the Bourbon against the Austrian claims. In 1808 it was early occupied by French troops; and, when the last members of the royal family were removing from the capital, the people burst into open insurrection, and a dreadful conflict took place between the French soldiery and the inhabitants.

6

Dr. Southey says There is no other instance upon record of an attempt so brave and so utterly hopeless, when all the circumstances are considered. The Spanish troops were locked up in their barracks, and prevented from assisting their