1821.]

and even afford information to those whose avocations or connexions require their occasional correspondence with persons of superior rank. This little work exhibits the various and most correct modes of superscribing, commencing, and concluding letters to persons of every degree of rank, with many valuable particulars. The Compiler seems to have used considerable diligence in ensuring accuracy.

88. RUDDIMAN'S Rudiments of the Latin Tongue has received several judicious corrections and additions by the learned JOHN HUNTER, LL. D. Professor of Humanity of St. Andrew's. The Editor has subjoined a useful Appendix, containing an elementary view of the Tenses of the Latin Verb.

89. Mr. C. V. A. MARCEL has submitted to the Public a Practical Method of teaching the Living Languages, applied to the French. It is partly deduced from the new systems of education, adopted both in Great Britain and on the Continent, and points out several defects of the old method. The plan proposed may be considered as a combination of the systems of Bell, Lancaster, Pestalozzi, and others; consequently it cannot claim the merit of ori ginality; but conveys many practical and ingenious hints.

It

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impression on infant minds; and this, we imagine, is the chief object of the Publi

cation.

93. The Rambles of my Uncle Toby are attempted imitations of Sterne's Sentimental Journey. The style is easy and unaffected, and the incidents natural; but in true sensibility and genuine sentimentality, the writer, who is understood to be a poor Curate, is as much inferior to the immortal prototype he copies, as the Moon is to the Sun, or a meteoric exhalation to the Moon.

94. Dr. IRVING is still proceeding with the publication of his Catechisms for the use of Schools. The Catechisms of Botany, General Geography, and Geography of Scotland, manifest that judicious taste, in the selection of useful and necessary information, for which Dr. Irving's preceding little Works have been so distinguished.

Ready for Publication.

The Eighth and concluding Part of Mr. J. C. BUCKLER'S Cathedrals of England aud Wales. This Work contains in the whole 32 Plates, drawn and etched by the Author, with a description of each Cathedral.

The Armorial Insignia of the Kings and Queens of England, from coeval authorities. By THOMAS WILLEMENT, heraldic Artist to his Majesty King George the Fourth. Views of the Colosseum. Engraved by W. B. COOKE and J. C. ALLEN, from Drawings by Major Cockburn.

Hints towards the right Improvement of the present Crisis. By Jos. JONES, M. A. Wonderful Characters; comprising Memoirs and Anecdotes of the most remarkable Persons. By HENRY WILSON. Embellished with Engravings. Continued Monthly.

Rational Amusement for Winter Evenings; or a Collection of above 200 curious and interesting Puzzles and Paradoxes, relating to Arithmetic, Geometry, and Geography, with their solutions. By JOHN JACKSON.

Synopsis of British Mollusca. By WILLIAM ELFORD LEACH, M.D.

The Gossip; a Series of Original Essays and Letters.

Original Tales of My Landlord's School, collected from the writings of the Brachmins, and translated from the originals in the Shanscrit. By W. GARDINER.—Also, by the same Author, “ The Story of Pegou, a Malay Boy," collected and arranged from the incidents and anecdotes of his real life.

Preparing for Publication.

The Resurrection of Lazarus, in a course of Sermons on the Eleventh Chapter of St. John's Gospel, from the French of Beausobre. By the Rev. H. COTES, Vicar of Bedlington.

The Preacher, or Sketches of Origina! Sermons, from the MSS. of two eminent Divines of the last century. With a fami liar Essay on Pulpit Composition. Principally intended for Young Ministers and Lay Preachers.

An Account, by Mr. HIGHMORE, of the Public Charities instituted in London since

The First Two Volumes of Mr. JAMES'S Naval History, comprising the whole of the War from 1793 to the Peace of Amiens.

A Dictionary of French Verbs, showing their different governments, with a Table of the irregular Verbs, and some Remarks on the Tenses, of the Conjugation, and the Article. By J. C. TARVER.

An Analysis of Penmanship; contain. ing some fine specimens of Writing. With Rules and Observations on the Formation of each Letter; together with a projection of the text alphabet. By J. HILL, W. M.

A Key to the Parsing Exercises contained in Lindley Murray's Grammatical Exercises, and in his Abridgment of English Grammar. By J. HARVEY.

The Piano Forte Companion, vocal and instrumental, being a Selection of the most admired British and Foreign Melodies, adapted to original words by the most esteemed Poets, with suitable accompaniments.

A Series of Classical Illustrations of the Works of eminent Composers for the Piano Forte. By J. RELFE, Musician in Ordinary to his Majesty. Forming a practical appendage to his late work "Lucidus ordo."

The Eighteenth Volume of the ENCYCLOPEDIA LONDINENSIS, containing a Treatise on Painting, and a History of Paris to the death of Bouaparte.

The Reader's Remembrancer, or the Observer's Arrangement.

Londinensis" in 1810.

First Part of a Series of engraved Portraits of the Deans of Westminster; from Drawings by G. P. HARDING, to accompany the Memoirs of those Prelates, in the History and Antiquities of the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster: written by EDWARD WEDLAKE BRAYLEY, and graphically illustrated by I. P. NEALE.

The complete Works of M. de Fontanes. By M. DE CHATEAUBRIAND.

A new Metrical Version of the Psalms of David, with an Appendix of select Psalms and Hymns adapted to the Service of the United Church of England and Ireland, for every Sunday and Holiday in the Year. By the Rev. BASIL WOOD.

Viudicia Hibernicæ, or Ireland vindicated, an attempt to develope and expose a few of the multifarions Errors and misrepresentations respecting Ireland, in the histories of May, Temple, Whitelock, Borlase, Rushworth, Clarendon, Cox, Carte, Leland, Warner, Macauley, Hume, and others; particularly in the Legendary Tales of the conspiracy, and pretended massacre of 1641. By MATTHEW CAREY.

The Second Part of the enlarged Edition of Boys's Text Book for 1822. This Part completes this year.

The Carnival of Death, a satirical Poem. By W. BAILEY, author of "What is Life?" and other Poems.

The Young Suicide preserved, founded on the case of Mr. G. J. Furneaux, who shot himself at White Conduit House,

Sep

1821.]

September 19, 1819. By the Rev. S. Ріссот.

Two Voyages to New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land; including a description of the present condition of that interesting colony. By THOMAS REID, Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Lectures on the Elements of Botany, By A. T. THOMSON, F.L.S.

A new volume by the Author of the beautiful tale of "Ellen Fitzarthur," entitled, the Widow's Tale and other Poems. Also a new edition of Ellen Fitzarthur.

The Bachelor of Salamanca, a Novel. By LE SAGE. Translated by J. TOWNSEND.

An Account of the Fishes found in the Ganges and its branches. By Dr. F. HA

MILTON.

Stories after Nature.

We are happy to find that the foundation is laid for the History of Modern Wiltshire, in the Hundred of Mere, by the Author of Ancient Wiltshire. From the specimens we have seen of the Engravings, which are numerous, novel, and well executed, we trust this Topographical Work will be gratifying to the Publick.

The Encyclopædia Metropolitana, which has been suspended in consequence of the failure of its late publisher, bas fallen under the management of new proprietors, who will publish the fifth part of that work on the 1st of January, 1822.

A Tale, entitled Lollardy, founded on the persecutions which marked the opening of the fifteenth century. By the Author of "The Mystery, or Forty Years Ago," and of " Calthorpe, or Fallen Fortunes."

The celebrated "Author of Waverley" has announced another work under the title of "The Pirate." This gentleman must be regarded as the most fortunate writer of this or any age. We congratulate him on his success, and heartily wish

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that other geniuses in higher walks of Literature met with corresponding rewards. The profits, however, of these Novels, at the price which the author puts upon his copies, form a new era in the annals of Literature. Such a reward for moderate exertions of genius and labour has no parallel. We have been taught to wonder at the proceeds of three or 40001. for the lectures of the antient philosophers repeated twice a year; at the 35001. paid to Dr. Johnson for his Dictionary; at the 6000%. netted by Mr. Pope for his Translation of Homer; at the 3000l. paid to Mr. Moore for his Lalla Rookh; and at the 3000. paid to Sir Walter Scott for some of his poems; at the 1000. paid to Mrs. Radcliffe for her Mysteries of Udolpho, and to Miss Burney for her last novel: but the author's profits on these repeated productions transcend every former example of literary remuneration.

EX KING OF SWEDEN.

Colonel Gustavson, the Ex-King of Sweden, has for some time past applied He has himself to philosophical studies. just published a work at Frankfort, but not for sale; it is distributed gratis, by the illustrious author, to the amateurs of Arts and Sciences. It is written in the French language, and is dedicated to the Royal Academy of Arts at Norway. It is entitled, "Reflections upon the Phenomenon the Aurora Borealis, and its relation with the Diurnal Movement." The journals of Hamburgh announce the arrival of several copies of the work at Stockholm, where they are now translating it into the Swedish language.

-

FINE ARTS. We understand that splendid Exhibition of Drawings, principally by TURNER and other distinguished Artists, is now forming, and will be opened for the inspection of the Publick, No. 9, Soho Square, about the 1st of January next.

MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE VICTORIES OF THE BRITISH ARMS IN THE PE

NINSULA.

built it is executed in marble, and supposed to be the work of the celebrated Phidias; the analogy between this, and the Elgin marbles certainly justifies the supposition. The figure is in an attitude of defiance, not unlike the Gladiator; in the right hand is a Roman sword, and on the left arm an orbicular shield; a very massive fold of drapery falls over the left arm, and behind the body of the statue, on the right side, is placed the cuirass armour, about seven feet high, which is most judiciously introduced for the purpose of balancing the great height of the figure, which is not so muscular as the. Hercules of Praxiteles, but it has the fol

Ress

ness of youth and energy. The usual fault in all the Greek statues is also visible herein the shortness of the neck; but this we know was with the Greek sculptors considered indicative of strength. The muscle on the body is finely heroic. The horse is not introduced, as it has always been considered very inferior to the figure, and from its not being equally colossal, detracts from the merit of the performance. The statue weighs three tons, and is the boldest attempt to rival the antient in bronze that has yet been made.

BUST OF DR. HUTTON.

A Subscription has been opened for a Bust of Charles Hutton, LL. D. F.R.S. &c. &c. to be executed in marble by Mr. Sebastian Gahagan.

This Bust is intended as a mark of high respect and veneration for the character of Dr. Hulton, and as a tribute of gratitude for his important labours in the advancement and diffusion of mathematical learning during the long period of sixty years; -a period which will be memorable in the history of Science, on account of his meritorious services both as an Author and Teacher.

As an Author, it is well known that his numerous publications have been uniformly held in the greatest estimation, and that even his earliest productions continue as standard works of increasing popularity in every country where the English language is understood. His persevering exertions also, as the conductor of scientific journals, during the above period, have had the most powerful effect in exciting emulation, increasing the number of able mathematicians, and thus greatly enlarging the boundaries of useful science.

As a Teacher, too, his labours have been singularly successful, especially as Professor of Mathematics for nearly forty years in the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich; an Institution which, by his judicious plans and unremitting care, he raised to the highest degree of celebrity and national importance. To his instructions, indeed, and his improvements in Military Science, his country is deeply indebted for the superiority and success of the British Artillery and Engineers, in every part of the world, for the last half century.

[Nov.

Such are the important objects to which Dr. Hutton has constantly devoted his valuable time and talents: and such are his well-founded claims to the gratitude and admiration of every lover of science,

claims which must ensure to him the lasting fame of having been one of the most efficient promoters of mathematical knowledge in any age or country; especially in improving and simplifying those sciences which are conducive to great public utility.

And here it must be gratifying to add, that this extraordinary man, though now in his eighty fifth year, is still an ardent, and occasionally an active promoter of Science.

A Model of the intended Bust is already completed, and is considered a very accurate likeness. It may be seen at the Sculptor's premises, No. 37, King-street, Edgware Road. Casts of the Bust, at two guineas each, will be prepared for such friends of Dr. Hutton as may choose to order them; but the Marble Bust is to be given to the Doctor himself, with the hope that he will hereafter present it to some Scientific Institution.

STEAM CARRIAGE.

The Manchester Guardian says, "An ingenious cotton-spinner of Ardwick, near this town, has invented a locomotive steam carriage, for the conveyance of goods or passengers without the aid of horses. After repeated experiments during the last two years, he has so far succeeded, as not to leave a doubt that it will answer the purpose intended. It will go upon any of the mail roads, up hill or down, at the rate of nine or ten miles an hour, and can be guided, with the greatest ease, on the most difficult roads.

MUSICAL KALEIDOSCOPE.

A very curious invention bas been made in the art of musical composition. Cards are prepared, on each of which a bar of an air is arranged according to a certain rhythm and key. Four packs of these cards, marked A B C and D, are mingled together; and as the cards are drawn and arranged before a performer in the order of that series, it will be found an original air is obtained. The cards hitherto made are as waltzes, and succeed perfectly. The invention may be called Musical Permutation. It has received, however, improperly, that of the Musical Kaleidoscope.

occurred, however, to me while perusing it, that it is high time for philosophers, particularly those to whom all look up for information, to have recourse to language, in the elucidation of physical cases, : which

1821.]

which applies to physics and not to metaphysics. Such, for instance, as the terms heat, cold, and temperature, which, as being but mental effects, yet taken as phy sical causes, may serve to amuse and satisfy the unreflecting part of mankind, but never can contribute to either the instruction of others, or the improvement of science, as long as these circumstances depend upon making truth manifest.

We are told by Sir Isaac Newton (Def. to Prop. 2. Book 1. Part 2.) that "the rays of light are not coloured, but only of a colour-making nature. Colour (he says) is sensation in the sensorium, the same as sound." Hence, as colour is not a property of matter, and no one ever saw an uncoloured object,-no one ever saw any thing whatever but mental effects; which is conclusive, that natural external bodies are in no instance whatever objects of sight or perception. The same may be said of sound, which has no existence in nature, but in the minds of sensitive beings. And as the senses have been all formed for similar purposes, it follows that objects of perception universally (for we know nothing but through the agency of the senses) consist in mental effects, as being the effects of sensation; and consequently, that matter in no instance can be in the state of, or similar to, the mental effect, or thing perceived; whether that be colour, sound, flavour, heat, or cold. Matter, therefore, is evidently deficient of what the effects of sensation supply.

To hear then of bodies suffering change from loss of heat, is as monstrous as to talk of the chemical properties of sound. All things which constitute human knowledge being mental, and the effect of sensation, heat, cold, sound, colour, and the like, are all on a footing, as having no similitude in a material form; inasmuch as there can be nothing in common between the state of the mind and matter.

This may be said to be a change of terms only, but it is far more. It is rejecting mental effects as natural causes, and making way for discovering wherein true physical causes absolutely do consist. If, then, water changes in density, by absorbing or losing caloric, it is the fact, scientifically speaking, that neither the water nor the caloric is hot.

In the next place, fire does not radiate caloric, or that which creates the feeling, in which alone heat consists. Because there is no such thing collected in the focus of a convex lens: because bodies possess the heat-making cause at all times within themselves, and because fire is instrumental always in taking matter from bodies, and therefore it does not radiate or communicate any thing to them.

As

Flame is not a state of the elements of bodies, but, sui generis, an element. the former, that which requires impulse,

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or the like, to commence, could not rationally be considered capable of perpetuating its motion or state in the absence of the first moving or impelling power. Secondly, if flame were only a state of the elements, all elements belonging to a body should contribute to its weight; whereas every thing chemical maybe passed through the galvanic wires, without affecting the weight of the body which loses, or which acquires the same; but weight is immediately lessened, when flame is evolved. Therefore flame may be considered the ponderable base of all bodies; with which chemical imponderable elements are all that terrestrial bodies consist of. Hence flame is obtained by friction and percussion, as well as by fire: and hence the human body, by carrying flame in it equal to its weight, may, from exercise alone, at the Pole, experience the same feeling of heat as at the Torrid Zone: so that climate does not communicate heat. In all cases, heat or warmth arises from depriving the internal flame of the body of chemical elementary matter, by which its particles become free to promote that excitement of the sense, from whence the feeling or the idea that heat consists in, is created. Fire acts with the hand as it does with a piece of wood; and the feeling which follows makes us think the fire has radiated something, which something we also think is hot; whereas the hand loses, instead of its receiving, elementary

matter.

It follows that bodies in cooling do not radiate heat; for as igniting iron by hammering it, can only beat something out, so as to unsaturate its internal flame, cooling must consist in the body made deficient by percussion, friction, or fire, recovering or saturating itself with imponderable matter. And as cold is also the effect of sensation, it is feeling alone as much as heat: the body imparting elementary matter to the hand, from containing it in excess, by which, as the cause of the idea, it is supposed to be similar to the idea.

Finally, it tells us nothing of the physical cause of water changing its density, by saying, that as its temperature is above or below 450, its density varies from the effects of degrees of heat; which might as well be said to arise from the effects of feeling. And again, as bodies must be deficient when they promote the feeling that heat consists in, and continue to absorb, instead of radiate elementary matter, to obtain the equilibrium, not of temperature, but of quantity; it shows that the theory of this species of change, or state of bodies, which causes such opposite feeling, is but ill understood; and of course, phenomena connected with it cannot be supposed to be any better accounted for.