we have worked hard for this guinea, but as you seem to have laboured the most, here, take it for your pains; I would have nothing lost."

THOUGH Mr. Howard had sometimes the unhappiness to find that. his labours had not the success he desired, he was not always doomed to feel the chagrine of disappointment. Some, among whom were persons of the first character, were zealous to second his benevolent attempts, and would not suffer the regulations which his virtue had effected to languish and decay.

In the metropolis, he had the pleasure to find that Sir Charles, Whitworth, chairman of the Westminster charity, and Dr. W. Smith, were careful to advance the good work. Many gentlemen and noblemen of the county of York, entered into his plans with a degree of public spirit which reflected the highest honour both on their hearts. and understandings; and that active and worthy magistrate the Rev. Mr. Zouch, transmitted to him the most honourable testimonies of their concurrence with, and approbation of his labours. Nor were foreigners more backward to assist and to applaud his benevolent designs; for when in 1781 he travelled through Holland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, and Poland; and again in the year 1783, through Portugal, Spain, France, Flanders, and Holland, several persons of the first consequence were proud to shew every degree of friendship and honour to one whose virtues added dignity to human nature.

In Holland, during the first of these journies, he was aided by the attentions of Professor Camper, and also by Sir Joseph York, whose attentions on a former occasion are mentioned in these memoirs, and who now not only exerted himself with ardour to promote the success of our traveller's enquiries, but while he was confined at the Hague, in consequence of an accident, shewed him every token of regard, which esteem and friendship could dictate. And in Germany, though a base minded gaoler was unwilling to shew him the torture room, lest his native benevolence should drag forth the horrors of cruelty to public view, and procure the abolition of practices abhorrent to nature, yet there were several in the most elevated rank who discovered a very different disposition. And although, at Stockholm, he was compelled to be resolute before a being of the same description, who had neglected to wall up the torture dungeon, though, in consequence of Mr. Howard's exertions, the king had published a decree for that purpose; yet some of the first characters in Sweden gave him all the assistance in their power. He also had the esteem and assistance of the Count de Firmain, governor of Lombardy, of Marshal de Vellere, at Elvas, in Spain, of Dr. Haller, in Switzerland, of Count de Compones, at Madrid,

&c. &c. all which plainly proved, that enlightened minds, in different nations, had caught a considerable portion of that sacred spirit of Christian philanthropy which lived and glowed in the bosom of Howard.

But that which gave our philanthropist most satisfaction was, to find that many of the abuses and horrors, which he had by his former journies made known, were now, by the interference of those in power, considerably reformed. Princes had blushed to find a foreigner more awake to sympathy with the groans, tears, and misery of their unhappy subjects than themselves.

In France, Brunswick, Geneva, and many other places, the prisons, hospitals, and pest-houses, were now in situations much more fit for the residence of human beings than they had been. And even the wretched slaves in the Stockhouse, in Denmark, to whom, before, hope had never come, had felt the cheering influence of his benevolence, in the regulations which softened the rigour of their fate.

At his third visit to Paris also, he found that two of the worst prisons," by the royal mandate, had been demolished; and also, that the king's declaration had made several humane regulations, particularly for the abolition of dungeons under ground-upon this principle, that it is unjust for those who may possibly be innocent, to suffer, before trial, a rigorous punishment. It was, however, in vain that Mr. Howard endeavoured to gain admittance to the Bastile. The government of France had its measures of benevolence, beyond which it seemed determined not to go. Mr. H. had also offended, by having, as before mentioned, translated a curious account of the Bastile into English. This so irritated the old French government, that he was in danger of being shut up in that dungeon for life-the timely interference of the British ambassador at Paris alone preventing it.

When, in 1783, he visited Rome and Lisbon, he attempted to get access to the dreary prisons of the Inquisition; but in this he could not succeed; the caution of the inquisitors would not suffer this apostle of humanity to inspect these abodes of silence and horror, where bigotry and religious enthusiasm had for ages, exercised a cruel tyranny over the dearest rights of mankind. At Madrid he was rather more successful; here the Count de Compones introduced him to the inquisitor-general; but the tribunal of the inquisition was the only thing which he was permitted to see. The letters of the same nobleman procured him but little more satisfaction at Valladolid. Here he was received in the tribunal by two of the inquisitors, their secretaries, and two magistrates, and was conducted by them into several rooms. On the side of one of the rooms was a large picture of an Auto de Fee, or, as Pegna, who hiinself was a famous Spanish inquisitor, calls it, a spectacle horrible and tremendous, when ninety seven person were burnt. This infamous Auto de Fee, was held in the year 1667.

The tribunal room was hung with red cloth: over the inquisitor's seat there was a crucifix, and before it a table, with two seats for the two secretaries, and a stool for the prisoner; there was also an altar in the room, and a door with three locks, which led into the secretary's room,

over which was inscribed, that the greater excommunication was denounced against all strangers, who presumed to enter.

In two other tribunal rooms were the insignia of the Inquisition, which are a cross between a palm and a sword. In a large room, on the floor and shelves, were a number of prohibited books, some of which were English; in another room were multitudes of crosses, beads, and small pictures. The painted cap was also shewn, and the vestments for the unhappy victims.

After several consultations he was permitted to go up the private staircase, by which prisoners are brought to the tribunal: but the grand object of his search was prevented, for he was not permitted to go through any of those door-ways into which the passage to this staircase leads. On being told that none but prisoners ever entered these rooms, "I will be confined a month," exclaimed he, "to satisfy my curiosity." But the secretary replied, that none ever came out under three years; and then, not till they had taken the oath of secrecy !!! Thus these awful seats of horror and miseries unknown, which the daring despotism of antichrist, in the height of his blasphemous career, established long ago in the world, are, as yet, kept back from public view. Conscious guilt, in these high priests of Moloch,-the inquisitors-would not permit the benevolence of Howard to inspect the dark abodes of cruelty, nor the instruments of torture with which they had long supported the empire of superstition over the minds of men.

We have before noticed the assiduous industry with which Mr. H. exerted himself in the year 1779; but this activity was not peculiar to that period. In 1782 he again revisited all the prisons in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, which he had before inspected in 1779, besides those of Hull, Lincoln, Shrewsbury, Yarmouth, and Old Newgate, in Ireland. In this kingdom he this year reported to the House of Commons, the state of prisons in Dublin; in consequence of which two of the commissioners from that honourable house-which had taken into its consideration the regulation of gaols-were appointed to examine with him the state of the New Prison. During these labours in Ireland, the University of Dublin created him Doctor of Laws; but what afforded him much greater satisfaction was, that Mr, Provost Hutchinson brought a bill into the Irish Parliament for discharging the unhappy prisoners who were confined for fees, which he had the happiness to see was well received, and passed. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, who was Lord Temple, also took up, very warmly, the case of the unhappy prisoners.

It was in this journey to Ireland that he took a more particular account of what he saw amiss in that noble charity, the Protestant Charter Schools, in some of which he had before observed some shameful abuses. This he also reported to a committee of the Irish House of Commons, with a view to a reformation, which, we are happy to say, met with considerable success. For such was the opinion which princes, senates, and magistrates had of the benevolence and judgment of Howard, that his plans were treated with the utmost attention and respect by different nations. Thus did an obscure individual, by his

disinterested and persevering conduct, in the cause of humanity, do more good than princes, senates, and magistrates had ever unitedly done before.

Notwithstanding it was in the year 1783 that he visited so many countries upon the continent, yet he found time, in that year, to make personal observations on the condition of the prisoners of war, at Falmouth, in Ireland, and other places. In every one of his visits to the innumerable prisons and hospitals which had been subject to his inspection, he constantly entered every room, cell, and dungeon, with a memorandum book in his hand, in which he noted particulars upon the spot so that when we consider the time necessarily devoted to observation, to travelling, to arranging and preparing for the public eye the information which he had obtained, we shall find that every hour of his life was dedicated to benevolence, and that he pursued his object with more avidity than almost any sensualist ever pursued the meaner pleasures of self-gratification.

Nor did the great Howard stop here. Virtue, as well as vice, gets stronger, and becomes bolder by habitual practice. From braving the noxious effluvia of a gaol, our philanthropist became encouraged to face contagion in her wildest shape, and to extend his observations to the ravages of that scourge of mankind, the plague. That he might be enabled to point out the proper means of effectually preventing that dreadful evil from ever entering our country again, and also, that he might be serviceable to those nations that are afflicted with it, he again departed from his native land in 1785, and visited the Lazarettos of Marseilles, Genoa, Spezia, Leghorn, Naples, Malta, Zante, Corfu, and Castle Novo.

The Lazarettos at Leghorn are said to be the best conducted of any in Europe: there are three in that city, and Frederigo Barbolania the governor of Leghorn, accompanied Mr. H. to them, and shewed him every respectful attention in his power.

After visiting the above, he sailed to Smyrna, and from thence to Constantinople, in order that he might see the plague in all its rage, without the controul of art among the Turks. At this great city, Sir Robert Ainslie, the British Ambassador, kindly invited him to fix his residence at his house. During his stay here, it was his constant practice to visit all the loathsome and infected places, introducing himself, as was his usual custom, in the character of a physician. Nor did he scruple, in the open air, feeling the pulse of such as he knew to be infected: however, he always took the precaution to keep to the windward of them, being of opinion, that the infection (like that near carrion) chiefly lurks to the leeward.

In order to investigate more fully the modes of treating the plague at Zante, Smyrna, and other places where it is frequent, he held several conferences with the Greek, Jewish, and European physicians; having, for that purpose, before his departure from England, been furnished by his friends Dr. Aiken, and Dr. Jebb, with a set of queries respecting the plague.

During this visit to Constantinople, he not only explored the prisons and hospitals, in hopes of producing general reformation, but was attentive also to the alleviation of individual sorrow. It is said, that among other benevolent exertions, he procured the liberation of an unfortunate lady, a native of England, who had fled to that country, though in a state of pregnancy, in quest of her husband whom she had heard was ill; but had found, on her arrival, that he was dead; and she having been seized with a temporary delirium at this intelligence, was put into loathsome confinement; and though recovered, was still retained, and in all probabilty would have died in circumstances of horror, had not the active benevolence of Howard discovered her wretchedness and procured her release, and taken care that she was conveyed back to her friends in England.

From Constantinople Mr. H. at first, intended to travel by land to Vienna, as the journey might easily be performed in twenty four days, no quarantine being then performed at Semlin, on the confines of the emperor's Hungarian dominions, where, formerly, travellers used to be detained for that purpose.

But, on further consideration, he determined to seek an opportunity of performing quarantine himself. With this view, he submitted to the inconveniences of a sea voyage to Venice, where Lazarettos were first established: in order, therefore, to obtain the best information, by performing the strictest qurantine, he returned from Constantinople to Smyrna, and took his passage in a ship with a foul bill; thus running himself into the very jaws of danger, that he might deliver others from it!

What a striking imitation was this of the blessed Jesus! He, because the children were partakers of flesh and blood, likewise took part of the Same. He subjected himself to all the miseries attendant on frail humanity, that so he might learn experience by the things which he suffered; hence arises his ability to succour them that are tempted because himself has suffered, being tempted in all things, like unto his brethren.

But to return. This voyage from Smyrna to Venice, was both tedious and dangerous. It lasted sixty days, part of which time was consumed by the avaricious delays of the captain, who lost the fair wind, by improperly tarrying at the isle of Melita, near Dalmatia, and other places for the purposes of traffic, and by these means exposed his vessel to all the fury of the contrary winds and tempests. Nor did the damage terminate here; for a few days after leaving Modon, the vessel was attacked by a Tunisian corsair, and a very smart engagement ensued. As the consequence of being taken would be either immediate death, or perpetual slavery, the captain determined that he would rather blow up the ship than surrender. But from this dreadful fate they were rescued; for one of their cannoris charged with spike-nails, having accidently done great execution, the corsair immediately hoisted sail, and made off: a circumstance which the piety of Howard did not fail to ascribe to the interposition of divine providence, o subda á sametista b. TO BE CONTINUED.

VOL. IV.