to Maurice's orders, whose commands as generalissimo of the league, he had engaged to obey, or to the remonstrances of the other confederates; and manifestly discovered that he attended only to his own private emolument, without any solicitude about the common cause, or the general objects which had induced them to take arms.

When the imperial army was besieging_Metz, which was defended by the flower of the French nation, under the command of the brave duke of Guise, the attention both of the besiegers and the besieged was turned for some time towards Albert, and they strove with emulation which should gain that prince, who still hovered in the neighbourhood, fluctuating in all the uncertainty of irresolution, natural to a man, who being swayed by no principle, was allured different ways by contrary views of interest; after much hesitation, he was gained by the emperor. The French king, suspicious of his motions, appointed a body of troops under the duke of Aumale, brother to the duke of Guise, to observe his route. Albert fell upon them with such vigour, that he routed them entirely, killed many of the officers, wounded Aumale himself, and took him prisoner, then marched in triumph to Metz, and joined his army to that of the emperor. Charles, in reward for his services, granted Albert a formal pardon of all past offences, and confirmed him in the possession of the territories which he had violently usurped during the war.

This laid the foundation of new calamities to Germany. The bishops of Bambergh and Wurtzburgh, having solicited the imperial chamber to annul, by its authority, the iniquitous conditions which Albert had compelled them to sign, that court unanimously found all their engagements with him to be void in their own nature, because they had been extorted by force; enjoined Albert

to renounce all claim to the performance of them; and if he should persist in such an unjust demand, exhorted all the princes of the empire to take arms against him, as a disturber of the public tranquillity. The warmth of Albert's temper, which rendered him turbulent and enterprising, inspiring him with the most sanguine hopes of success even in his wildest undertakings, he disdainfully rejected all reasonable overtures of accommodation. Upon this the imperial chamber issued its decree. against him, and required the elector of Saxony. together with several other princes mentioned by name, to take arms, in order to carry it into execution. Maurice, and those associated with him, were not unwilling to undertake this service. They were extremely solicitous to maintain public order, by supporting the authority of the imperial chamber, and saw the necessity of giving a timely check to the usurpations of an ambitious prince, who had no principle of action, but regard to his own interest, and no motive to direct him, but the impulse of ungovernable passions. He was accordingly defeated in two bloody battles, one under the command of Maurice, and another under that of Henry of Brunswick; even then his courage did not sink, nor were his resources exhausted. He made several efforts, and some of them very vigorous, to retrieve his affairs; but being laid under the ban of the empire by the imperial chamber, being driven by degrees out of all his hereditary territories, as well as those which he had usurped; being forsaken by many of his officers, and overpowered by the number of his enemies, he fled for refuge into France. After having been for a considerable time the terror and scourge of Germany, he lingered out some years in an indigent and dependent state of exile, the miseries of which his restless and arrogant spirit endured with the most indignant

impatience. Upon his death without issue, his territories, which had been seized by the princes who took arms against him, were restored, by a decree of the emperor, to his collateral heirs of the house of Brandenburgh.

ADREW DORIA.

He was one of the ablest naval officers of the age in which he flourished. He rendered himself master of Genoa, and re-established in that republic the faction of the Fregosi, together with the dominion of France. When the French army besieged Naples, the galleys of Doria, under the command of his nephew Philippino, guarded the harbour. Moncada, the imperial viceroy, rigged out a number of galleys superior to Doria's, manned them with a chosen body of Spanish veterans, and going on board himself, together with the Marquis del Guasto, attacked Philippino before the arrival of the Venetian and French fleets. But the Genoese admiral, by his superior skill in naval operations, easily triumphed over the valour and number of the Spaniards. The viceroy was killed, most of his fleet destroyed, and Guasto with many officers of distinction, being taken prisoners, were put on board the captive galleys, and sent by Philippino as trophies of his victory to his uncle.

Not long afterwards, the revolt of Doria proved a fatal blow to all the measures of the French in that quarter. That gallant officer, the citizen of a republic, and trained up from his infancy in the sea-service, retained the spirit of independence natural to the former, together with the plain liberal manners peculiar to the latter. A stranger to the arts of submission or flattery necessary in courts, but conscious of his own merit and importance, he

always offered his advice with freedom, and often preferred his complaints and remonstrances with boldness. The French ministers, unaccustomed to such liberties, determined to ruin a man who treated them with so little deference; and though Francis himself had a just sense of Doria's services, as well as an high esteem for his character, the courtiers, by continually representing him as an haughty man, and more solicitous to aggrandize himself than to promote the interest of France, gradually undermined the foundations of his credit, and filled the king's mind with suspicion and distrust. From thence proceeded several affronts and indignities put upon Doria; his appointments were not regularly paid; his advice even in naval affairs was often slighted; an attempt was made to seize the prisoners taken in his sea-fight off Naples, all which he bore with abundance of ill-humour: but an injury offered to his country, transported him beyond all bounds of patience. The French began to fortify Savona, to clear its harbour, and removing thither some branches of trade carried on at Genoa, plainly shewed that they intended to render that town, which had been long the object of jealousy and hatred to the Genoese, their rival in wealth and commerce. Doria, animated with a patriotic zeal for the honour and interest of his country, remonstrated against this in the highest tone, not without threats, if the measure was not instantly abandoned. This bold action, aggravated by the malice of courtiers, and placed in the most odious light, irritated Francis to such a degree, that he commanded Barbesieux, whom he appointed admiral of the Levant, to sail directly with the fleet to Genoa, to arrest Doria, and to seize the galleys. This rash order, the execution of which could have been secured only by the most profound secrecy, was concealed with so little care, that Doria got

timely intelligence of it, and retired with all his galleys to a place of safety. Guasto his prisoner, who had long observed and fomented his growing discontent, and had often allured him by magnificient promises to enter into the emperor's service, laid hold on this favourable opportunity. While his indignation and resentment were at their height, he prevailed on him to despatch one of his officers to the imperial court with his overtures and demands. The negotiation was not long; Charles, fully sensible of the importance of such an acquisition, granted him whatever terms he required. Doria sent back his commission, together with the collar of St. Michael to Francis, and hoisting the imperial colours, sailed with all his galleys towards Naples, not to block up the harbour of that unhappy city as he had formerly engaged, but to bring them protection and deliverance. His arrival opened the communication with the sea, and restored plenty in Naples, which was now reduced to the last extremity; and the French having lost their superiority at sea, were soon reduced to great straits for want of provisions.

The loss of Genoa followed immediately upon the ruin of the army in Naples. To deliver his country from the dominion of foreigners, was Doria's highest ambition, and had been his principal inducement to quit the service of France, and enter into that of the emperor. A most favourable opportunity for executing this honourable enterprise now presented itself. The city of Genoa, afflicted by the pestilence, was almost deserted by its inhabitants; the French garrison being neither regu larly paid nor recruited, was reduced to an inconsiderable number; Doria's emissaries found, that such of the citizens as remained, being weary alike of the French and Imperial yoke, the rigour of which they had alternately felt, were ready to wel.