two sections; the first consisting of those which have an anuulated tail, Jacchus vulgaris for instance; and the second of those whose tail is not annulated, as Jacchus melanurus. We select Jacchus vulgaris as our example.

attack the larger quadrupeds, but the smaller animals and him of Zorah. Dr. Kennicott alludes to the remark that poultry are their most frequent prey. Their cry is very the Hebrew word translated 'foxes' signifies also handfuls peculiar and piercing. Captain Beechey notices it as hav- (Ezek. xiii. 19, 'handfuls of barley'), if the letter, which ing something rather appalling when heard for the first has been inserted or omitted elsewhere almost at pleasure, time at night; and he remarks, that as they usually come be left out. 'No less than seven Hebrew MSS. want that in packs, the first shriek which is uttered is always the sig- letter here,' says Dr. Kennicott in continuation, and read nal for a general chorus. We hardly know,' continues they. Admitting this version, we see that Samson took Captain, a sound which partakes less of harmony than three hundred handfuls (or sheaves) of corn, and one hunthat which is at present in question; and indeed the sud-dred and fifty firebrands; that he turned the sheaves end to den burst of the answering long-protracted scream, suc- end, and put a firebrand between the two ends in the midst; ceeding immediately to the opening note, is scarcely less and then, setting the brands on fire, sent the fire into the impressive than the roll of the thunder-clap immediately standing corn of the Philistines.' Our limits will not allow after a flash of lightning. The effect of this music is very us to dwell upon this subject, which the reader will find much increased when the first note is heard in the distance elaborately discussed by Dr. Harris and others. (a circumstance which often occurs), and the answering yell JACKDAW, the well-known English name for Corvus bursts out from several points at once, within a few yards Monedula of Linnæus. or feet of the place where the auditors are sleeping.' These animals are said to devour the dead on the battle-field and to scratch away the earth from the shallow graves in order to feed on the corpses.

John Hunter (Phil. Trans.) has recorded the case of a female Jackal which whelped in this country. The period of gestation was about the same as that of the dog, and the whelps were blind at first.

The story of the Jackal being the lion's provider may have arisen from the notion that the yell of the pack gives notice to the lion that prey is on foot, or from the Jackal's being seen to feed on the remnants of the lion's

quarry.

Cuvier observes that it is not certain that all the Jackals are similar (of the same species'); those of Senegal, for example (Canis Anthus, F. Cuv.), he remarks, stand higher on the legs, and appear to have the muzzle sharper and the tail rather longer.

The offensive odour of the Jackal has been given as one of the reasons against reducing it to a state of domestication. We do not see what advantage is to be derived from such a process; but, if it were desirable, that objection, it seems, would not hold. Colonel Sykes, who notices it as the Kholah of the Mahrattas, and as being numerous in Dukhun (Deccan), had in his possession at the same time a very large wild male and a domesticated female. The odour of the wild animal was almost unbearable; that of the domesticated Jackal was scarcely perceptible.

Jackal.

Some are of opinion that the three hundred foxes between whose tails Samson is said to have put firebrands in order that they might set fire to the crops of the Philistines (Judges, xv., 4, 5) were Jackals. Many of the modern Oriental names for the last-mentioned animals, Chical of the Turks, Sciagal, Sciugal, Sciachal, or Shacal of the Persians, come very near to the Hebrew word by, Shual. Hasselquist, speaking of Canis aureus, the Jackcall, Chical of the Turks,' says (translation), 'There are greater numbers of this species of Fox to be met with than the former (Canis Vulpes), particularly near Jaffa, about Gaza, and in Galilee. I leave others to determine which of these is the Fox of Samson. It was certainly one of these two animals. This does not seem however to be quite so certain, for there are not wanting those-and Dr. Kennicott is one of them-who reject all quadrupedal aid as ancillary to the vengeance of

JACKSAW, one of the provincial English names for the Dun Diver. [MERGANINE.]

JACKSON, WILLIAM, who alone is almost sufficient to refute the opinion too generally entertained, even in this country, that the English have no school of music, was born in 1730, at Exeter, of which place his father was a highly respectable tradesman. He there received a liberal education, and having evinced distinct proofs of musical genius, was placed under the tuition of the organist of the cathedral, but completed his professional studies in London, under the celebrated Travers, of the Chapel-Royal. He returned to and settled in his native city, and in 1777 was appointed sub-chanter, organist, lay-vicar, and master of the choristers of the cathedral.

Jackson first made himself known as a composer by the publication of Twelve Songs, which immediately spread his fame throughout the kingdom. His next work was Sir Sonatas for the Harpsichord; but this proved unsuccessful. his power was in vocal music-in giving melodious expres sion to good lyric poetry, of which he always made a judicious choice, for he was too sensible a man to waste his strength in such nonsense-verses as are commonly set by the numberless pseudo-composers of the present day. His third work, Six Elegies for Three Voices, completely established his reputation; they are, and will ever continue to be, admired by all who have a cultivated, unprejudiced love of the art. This was followed by his Opera Iv., consisting of twelve more songs, among which is, if we mistake not, the very lovely air, Go, gentle gales:' and subsequently he published two other sets of the same number of songs in each. many of which deserve to be rescued from that neglect to which fashion, that is, the rage for novelty, has condemned them. His Twelve Canzonets for Two Voices, all of them more or less ingenious and pleasing, were once the delight of every musical circle. Of these, 'Time has not thinned my flowing hair has lost none of its charms; and 'Love in thine eyes for ever plays' is a duet familiarly known to most, if not all, persons of taste in the British isles. Of his three dramatic compositions The Lord of the Manor alone survives. The exquisitely tender air in this, Encompass'd in an angel's frame, is one among the many adanirable things in the opera; the words by General Burgoyne, who in a preface to the drama pays an exceedingly elegant welldeserved compliment to the composer, viewing him both as a musician and as a man.

Originality and grace are the attributes of JACKSON of Ereter: there is in his works a total absence of those phrases-cant phrases they may be called-which, though fashionable and admired at the time, soon became vulgar and distasteful. He wrote not only for his own age, but for English composers, and will hereafter, when the venerable future ages. He is already admitted into the list of classical garb of antiquity' is thrown over him, be better known and all real judges of musical excellence justly appreciate his more esteemed than at the present period; though even now best productions. He was decried by his professional contemporaries, because superior to most of them in genius, and infinitely beyond them in education and in those attainments which become a gentleman. He was a critic too, and wrote as well as said caustic things. His mind was of large calibre; it was powerful and active; he thought for himself, and commonly thought right. His Thirty Letters on various Subjects, and his Four Ages, together with Essays on various Subjects, display the extent of his knowledge, the correctness of his judgment, and the originality of his conceptions. From those volumes music is not wholly excluded, though it occupies only a small portion of

them. But what he has written on the subject is much to the
point, his criticism is just, and he has expressed his opinions
in easy, appropriate language. (Supplement to Musical
Library.)
Jackson was no mean proficient in the sister art of paint-
ing: he chiefly employed his pencil in landscapes, making
his friend Gainsborough his model; and it has been said,
perhaps rather hyperbolically, that he occasionally imitated
him so well, as almost to become a kind of rival. This very
accomplished man died at the age of 73, leaving a widow,
two sons, and a daughter. One of his sons accompanied
Lord Macartney to China; his name and further history
have eluded our inquiry. The other son, Francis James,
filled, with great honour to himself, many diplomatic situ-
ations; he was successively secretary of legation at Berlin,
minister plenipotentiary at Madrid, ambassador to the
Ottoman Porte, and envoy extraordinary and minister ple-
nipotentiary to the United States of America. He died
some years ago, leaving a son and daughter.

JACKSON, PORT. [SIDNEY.]

6

harmonious. His views of philosophy, as far as they can be gathered from his scattered and occasional compositions on the subject, were rather of a sceptical than of a dogmatical character, and he denied the possibility of certainty in human knowledge. He maintained that all demonstrative systems must necessarily lead to fatalism, which however is irreconcileable with man's consciousness of the freedom of his rational nature. The general system of nature indeed, and man himself, so far as he is a part of that system, is pure mechanism; but in man there is unquestionably an energy which transcends and is superior to sense, or that faculty which is bound up with and regulated by the laws of nature. This higher energy is liberty, or reason, and consequently sense and reason distinguish to man two distinct spheres of his activity-the sensible or visible world, and the invisible or intelligible. The existence of these worlds no more admits of demonstrative proof than that of sense and reason themselves. Now sense and reason are the supreme and ultimate principles of all intellectual operations, and as such legitimate them, while they themselves do not receive their JA'COBI, FREDERICK HENRY, a philosophical legitimization from aught else; and the existence of sense writer of Germany, was born at Düsseldorf, in 1743, and and reason necessarily implies the existence of sensible and died at Munich, 10th March, 1819. He was distinguished, intelligible objects about which they are conversant. But not so much as the author of a peculiar system of philo- this existing system of things cannot have originally prosophy, as for the critical acumen and forcible eloquence with ceeded either from nature or from man's intellect or reason, which he detected and exposed the incoherences and for both nature and the human mind are finite and condidefects of the prevailing systems, of which he traced the in- tionate, and there must be something infinite and unconevitable consequences with great rigor and sagacity. Origi-ditionate, superior to and independent both of nature and ginally educated for a mercantile profession, Jacobi united man, to be the source and principle of all things. This the pursuits of literature to those of commerce until his being is God. Now as man's liberty consists in his perappointment as councillor in the Hofkammer of his native sonality or absolute individuality, for this constitutes his city, which he obtained by the good offices of the Count von proper essence, while the mechanism of nature is hereby Golstein, enabled him to indulge his natural tastes and in- distinguished from man, that none of its members are indiclination by devoting his whole time and attention to vidual of character, therefore that which is superior both to literature. In this new career he sought to combine poetry nature and to man must be perfectly and supremely indiwith philosophy, and his earliest publication was a philo- vidual; God consequently is one only, and strictly personal. sophical poem, entitled Friendship and Love,' which first Moreover, as the ground of all subsistence, he cannot be appeared in 1777, but was republished two years afterwards without subsistence; and as the principle of reason, he canunder the simpler title of Woldemar.' In this year Jacobi not be irrational. Of the existence of this divine intelliwas invited to Munich, and appointed geheimrath, in which gence however all direct proof is as impossible as a demonsituation he evinced the honesty and independence of his stration of existence simply. Generally indeed nothing can character by exposing publicly the injurious tendency and be known except upon testimony, and whatever rests on imprudence of the Bavarian system of finance. In 1781 testimony is not certainty but faith, and such a faith or he commenced an able controversy with Mendelsohn, by his belief, when its object is the existence of a good and supreme work On the Doctrine of Spinosa,' which he further pro- being, is religion. secuted in his Observations on Mendelsohn's Apology for the Doctrine of Spinosa.' By the essay, entitled David Ilume, or Idealism and Realism,' he provoked the hostility of the followers of Kant, and that of the admirers of Fichte by his Sendschreiben an Fichte,' whose respect however, as well as that of most of his controversial opponents, he secured by the known sincerity of his character and opinions. When the troubles arising out of the French revolution extended to Germany, Jacobi retired to Holstein, whence he removed successively to Wandsbeck and Hamburg; from the latter he was called, in 1804, to Munich, to assist in the formation of the new Academy of Sciences, of which he was appointed president, in 1807. This dignity Jacobi resigned upon attaining his 70th year, but was allowed to retain the salary and emoluments. Shortly previously his work On Divine Things and on Revelation (Leipz. 1811) had involved him in a bitter controversy with Schelling, who, in his answer, which bore the title Memorial to the Work on Divine Things,' professed to give the real position of Jacobi with respect to science and theism, or in other words, to philosophy and religion, and generally to literature. Notwithstanding the unfavourable estimate which this great philosopher drew therein of the literary and philosophical merits of Jacobi, he still maintains a high rank among sincere and honest inquirers after truth; and even if, exclusively occupied with detached speculations, he rather prepared than established a system of philosophy, the pro foundness and originality of his views have furnished mate Tials of which more systematic minds have not scrupled to avail themselves for the construction of their own theories.

As a poet, in which capacity he was greatly inferior to his brother (John George), Jacobi was a reflective rather than an imaginative thinker. His poetical merits are chiefly confined to vividness of description and to boldness of style. His philosophical writings, notwithstanding the want of all scientific method, are remarkable for the beauty of the exposition, which is conveyed in a form at once vigorous and

|

Jacobi's complete works have been published in 6 vols., Leipz. 1819-20.

JACOBINS is the name of a faction which exercised a great influence on the events of the French Revolution. This faction originated in a political club formed at Versailles, about the time of the meeting of the first National Assembly, and which was composed chiefly of deputies from Britanny, who were most determined against the court and the old monarchy, and some also from the South of France, among whom was Mirabeau. When the National Assembly removed its sittings to Paris (October 19, 1789), the Breton club followed it, and soon after established their meetings in the lately suppressed convent of the Jacobins, or Dominican monks, in the Rue St. Honoré. From this circumstance the club and the powerful party which grew from it assumed the name of Jacobins. During the year 1790 the club increased its numbers by admitting many men known for violent principles, which tended not to the establishment of a constitutional throne, but to the subversion of the monarchy. A schism broke out between these and the original Jacobins, upon which Danton, Marat, and other revolutionists seceded from the club, and formed themselves into a separate club called 'Les Cordeliers,' from their meetings being held in a suppressed convent of Franciscan friars. [DANTON.] These men openly advocated massacre, proscription, and confiscation, as the means of establishing the sovereignty of the people. In 1791 the Cordeliers reunited themselves with the Jacobin club, from which they expelled the less fanatical members, such as Louis Stanislas Freron, Legendre, and others. From that time, and especially in the following year, 1792, the Jacobin club assumed the ascendency over the legislature; the measures previously discussed and carried in the club being forced upon the assembly by the votes of the numerous Jacobin members, and by the out-door influence of the pikemen of the suburbs, with whom the club was in close connexion. The attack on the Tuileries in August, 1792, the massacres of the following September, the suppression of royalty, and most of

the measures of the reign of terror, originated with the club | the Tamul Protestants, called St. John's, in which the of the Jacobins. [COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY.] The Tamul colonial chaplain of the district officiates. The club had affiliations all over France. After the fall of Ro- Hindus have a large temple in the neighbouring town of bespierre in July, 1794, the convention passed a resolution Wannapanny, which far exceeds in grandeur all the rest in forbidding all popular assemblies from interfering with the the province. It is ornamented with an accumulation of deliberations of the legislature. The Jacobins however small towers, and enclosed by a wall having a large gate. having attempted an insurrection in November, 1794, in way. It was founded and endowed by one Wyti Linga order to save one of their members, Carrier, who had been Chetty, about forty years ago. There is a band of dancing condemned to death for his atrocities at Nantes, the con- girls attached to the temple, who enliven the processions vention ordered the club to be shut up; and Legendre, one of with their dancing. its former members, proceeded with an armed force to dissolve the meeting, and closed the hall. The spirit of the club however survived in its numerous adherents, and continued to struggle against the legislature and the Executive Directory, until Bonaparte put an end to all factions, and restored order in France. The name of Jacobin has since continued to be used, though often improperly applied, like other party names, to denote men of extreme democratical principles, who wish for the subversion of monarchy and of all social distinctions, and are not over-scrupulous about the means of effecting their object.

JACOBITES. [EUTYCHIANS.]'

JADE, a name which has been given to several minerals which resemble each other but little, except in colour, and therefore it is one which it would be well should fall into disuse.

Serpentine, nephrite, and Saussurite have all been described under the name of jade. Yu, or Chinese jade, is supposed to be prehnite.

Jaffnapatam is not accessible to vessels of any consider able size, owing to the shallowness of the water. The cargoes of the larger vessels are unloaded at Kails, and conveyed up to the town in small boats.

Jaffnapatam is the seat of a government agent, who is deputy fiscal, and of a provincial judge, who are gentlemen | of the civil service. They form a minor court, to decide on appeals from the courts of the subordinate magistrates of the province of Jaffna. JAGANATH. [JUGGERNAUTH.] JAGER. (Ornithology.) [LARIDE.] JAGUAR. [LEOPARDS.]

JAINAS, a religious sect of the Hindus. The name is derived from the Sanskrit jina, victorious,' which is the generic name of the deified saints of this sect.

The Jainas are very numerous in the southern and western provinces of Hindustan; they are principally engaged in commerce, and from their wealth and influence form a very important division of the population of the country. The history and opinions of this sect are also interesting from their striking similarity to the chief peculiarities of the religion of Buddha. The earliest information concerning this sect was given in the 9th vol. of the Asiatic Researches,' in an Account of the Jains, collected from a priest of this sect, at Mudgeri, translated for Major Mackenzie;' in 'Particulars of the Jains,' by Dr Buchanan; and in 'Observations on the sect of Jains,' by Colebrooke. Several particulars concerning them are also given in Buchanan's 'Historical Sketch of the South of India;' in the work of the Abbé du Bois; and in Ward's View of the History, Literature, and Religion of the Hindus.' Information still more important is given in the 1st volume of the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society,' by Colebrooke, 'On the Philosophy of the Hindus; by Major Delamain, ‘On the Srawaks, or Jains;' by Colebrooke, Dr. Hamilton, and Col. Franklin, On Inscriptions in Jain Temples in Behar;" by Dr. Hamilton, On the Srawaks, or Jains;' and also in the 2nd volume of the Transactions, by Major Todd, On the Religious Establishments in Mewar.' But the most complete acccount of this sect is given by Prof. Wilson, in his Sketch of the Religious Sects of the Hindus.' (As. Res., vol. xvii.)

JAEN, an intendencia, or administrative province, of Spain, once a Moorish kingdom, is included in the geographical division of the Peninsula called ANDALUSIA. The province of Jaen consists in great measure of the upper basin of the Guadalquivir, and of the numerous streams which contribute to the formation of that river, and it lies between the Sierra Morena on the north, which divides it from Castile, the great southern range or Sierra Nevada on the south towards Granada, and the Sierra de Cazorla on the east, which forms the connecting link be-Journey from Madras through Mysore,' &c.; Wilks's tween the other two, on the borders of Murcia. To the west the ground slopes with the course of the Guadalquivir towards Cordova. Numerous offsets of the above chains enter and cross the territory of Jaen; such are the Sierra de Bedmar, Sierra de Ubeda, &c. The province of Jaen is 75 miles from east to west, and nearly as much from north to south, and its area is estimated at about 4000 square miles, with a population of 277,000 inhabitants, distributed among 71 pueblos or communes. The province is divided into five partidos or districts, Jaen, Andujar, Baeza, Martos, and Ubeda. The soil in the valleys is extremely fertile, but very imperfectly cultivated. The produce is wine, oil, corn, vegetables and fruits of every kind; honey and silk are also gathered. The mountains abound with rich pastures; sheep and a fine breed of horses are the principal cattle in the country. Jaen, the capital of the province, is a bishop's see, with a fine cathedral, and has 19,000 inhabitants. At Cazalla, south of Jaen, are mines of lead and silver, and veins of copper are found in various parts of the province. In the northern part, at the foot of the Sierra Morena, is the German colony of La Carolina, founded by the philanthropist Olavides, in 1767. (Miñano; Bowles; Ponz; Bourgoing.)

JAEN. [ECUADOR, vol. ix., p. 267.]

JÆRA, or JAËRA. [ISOPODA, vol. xiii., p. 55.]
JAFFA. [SYRIA.]

JAFFNAPATAM, the principal town of the province of Jaffna in the island of Ceylon, is situated in 9° 47' N. lat. and 80° 9' E. long.; 215 miles north from Colombo, and 296 south-west from Madras. It possesses a large fort built in the form of a pentagon, with five bastions, furnished with a broad moat and an extensive glacis; and having within its walls a church in the form of a Greek cross, a commandant's house, and some other good buildings, besides barracks and accommodations for soldiers. The town stands to the eastward at the distance of half a mile, and contains several broad parallel streets intersected by smaller ones. The houses are for the most part built with brick. The majority of the inhabitants of the town formerly consisted of the Dutch and their descendants, but since the British conquest many have emigrated to different parts of the island, and some have gone to Batavia. The bazaar is abundantly supplied with the necessaries of life at a cheap rate. In the neighbourhood there is a church belonging to

A view of the literature of the Jainas is given by Wilson in his Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS., &c., of Col. Mackenzie,' vol. ii., pp. 144-162. The Jainas have their own Purânas and other religious works, which are principally devoted to the history of the Tôrthankaras, or deified teachers of the sect. The chief Purânas are supposed to have been written by Jina Sena Achârya, who was probably the spiritual preceptor of Amoghaversha, king of Kânchî, at the end of the ninth century of the Christian æra. They have also their own works on astronomy, astrology, medicine, the mathematical sciences, and the form and disposition of the universe, of which a list is given in Wilson's Descriptive Catalogue.' But the list there given is very far from including the whole of Jain literature, or even a considerable proportion. The books there alluded to are in fact confined to Southern India, and are written in Sanskrit or the dialects of the peninsula; but every province of Hindustan can produce Jain compositions, either in Sanskrit or its vernacular idiom; whilst many of the books, and especially those that may be regarded as their Scriptural authorities, are written in the Prakrit or Magadhi, a dialect which, with the Jains as well as the Bauddhas, is considered to be the appropriate vehicle of their sacred literature.' (Wilson, As. Res., vol. xvii., p. 242-3.) The Jainas are also said to have a number of works entitled Siddhantas and Agama. which are to them what the Vedas are to the Brahmanical Hindus.

The Jainas are considered by the Brahmans to form no part of the Hindu church. The principal points of difference between them and the Brahmanical Hindus are:

H

1st, a denial of the divine origin of the Vedas; 2dly, the ple. The Yatis dispense with acts of devotion "at" their worship of certain holy mortals who have acquired by self-pleasure; and the Srâvakas are only bound to visit a temple mortification and penance a power which renders them daily, where some of the images of the Jinas are erected, superior to the gods; and 3dly, extreme tenderness for and make a trifling offering of fruit and flowers, accomanimal life. These doctrines and customs are essentially panied by a short prayer. The Jaina temples are generally the same as those of the Buddhists. The Jainas do not superior in size and beauty to those which belong to the entirely reject the gods of the Hindu mythology; but they Brahmanical religion. Bishop Heber (Journal, i., p. 292, consider them greatly inferior to the Jinas, who are the has given us an account of his visit to one of these temples, objects of their religious adoration. The Jainas enumerate from which strangers are usually excluded with jealous 72 mortals who have raised themselves to the rank of Jinas precautions. The priest led us,' he says, 'into a succesby their virtue and self-mortification; of whom 24 belong sion of six small rooms, with an altar at the end of each, not to the former age, 24 to the present, and 24 to the age to unlike those in Roman Catholic chapels, with a little niche come. The statues of all or part of these are in all their on one side, resembling what in such churches they call temples, sculptured in black or white marble. They are the piscina. In the centre of each room was a large tray distinguished from each other in colour and stature: two with rice and ghee strongly perfumed, apparently as an offerare represented as red, two as white, two as, blue, two as ing, and men seated on their heels on the floor, with their black, and the rest as of a golden hue or yellowish-brown. hands folded as in prayer or religious contemplation. Over Of these Jinas the most celebrated are Pârsvanâtha and each of the altars was an altar-piece, a large bas-relief in Mahavira, who alone can be regarded as having any his- marble, containing, the first five, the last in succession torical existence. The last Jina is said, according to some twenty-five figures, all of men sitting cross-legged, one conaccounts, to have died at the age of seventy-two, about B.C. siderably larger than the rest, and represented as a negro. 500; but, according to others, about B.C. 663, two hundred He, the priest said, was their god; the rest were the difand fifty years after the preceding Jina Pârsvanâtha; but ferent bodies he had assumed at different epochs, when he these dates, in common with most others in early Hindu had become incarnate to instruct mankind. The doctrines he history, are very uncertain. had delivered on these occasions make up their theology, and the progress which any one has made in these mysteries entitles him to worship in one or more of the successive apartments which were shown us.'

The moral code of the Jainas is expressed in five Maha

life; 2nd, truth; 3rd, honesty; 4th, chastity; 5th, freedom
from worldly desires. There are also four Dhermas, or
merits :' liberality, gentleness, piety, and penance.
JALAP. [CONVOLVULUS JALAPA.]
JALAPA. [MEXICO.]

JALISCO. [MEXICO.]

The origin of this sect has been a subject of much dispute. Some have endeavoured to prove that Buddhism and Jinism are more antient than the Brahmanical religion; but several arguments have already been brought forward in another part of this work which render this hypothesis ex-vratas, or great duties: 1st, refraining from injury to ceedingly improbable. [BUDDHA, vol. v., p. 526-7.] It has, on the contrary, been maintained with greater probability, from the absence of all allusion to Jinism in the antient Brahmanical and Buddhistic works, and from the comparatively late date of all inscriptions and monuments relating to the Jainas which have yet been discovered, none being earlier than the ninth century, that the sect of the Jainas JALLOFFS, or YALLOFFS, are a negro tribe who did not become of any importance till the eighth or ninth occupy a considerable tract of country between the rivers century of the Christian æra. The striking similarity Senegal and Gambia. They are considered as the finest between the Buddhists and Jainas renders it probable that race of negroes in this part of Africa; they are tall and well they had the same origin; and that Jinism is merely another made, their features are regular, and their physiognomy form of Buddhism, accommodated to the prejudices of the open. Though bordering on the Foolahs and Mandingos Brahmanical Hindus. In the southern provinces of Hin- they differ from both, not only in language, but in features. dustan, where the Jainas are the most numerous, the dis- The noses of the Jalloffs are not so much depressed nor tinetion of castes is preserved among this sect; but it the lips so protuberant as among the generality of Africans, appears probable, from many circumstances, that originally but their skin is of the deepest black. They are chiefly emthey had no distinction of caste; and even in the present ployed in agriculture, and have made some progress in the day, in the upper provinces, the Jainas all profess to be of useful arts, especially in the manufacture of cotton cloth, one caste, namely, the Vaisyas, which is equivalent to their which they make better than any of the neighbouring tribes. being of no caste at all. The Jainas also allow Brahmans Though Mohammedans they have not adopted the system to officiate as the priests of their temples. The period in of the Arabic numbers, but count only up to five, so that six which we have supposed Jinism to have first risen into is expressed among them by five and one, seven by five and importance corresponds with the time in which the Budd-two, and so on. They are divided into several independent hists were finally expelled from Hindustan. (Wilson's states, or kingdoms, which are frequently at war either with Sanskrit Dictionary, 1st edit., preface, pp. xv.-xx.) It their neighbours or with each other. (Mungo Park's First therefore appears probable that those Buddhists who were Travels into the Interior of Africa; Golberry's Fragments.) allowed to remain adopted the opinions and practices of JAMAICA, one of the Greater Antilles, and the most Jinism, which may previously have existed as an insignifi- important possession of the British in the West Indies, excant division of the Buddhistic faith. In the eleventh and tends from 76° 15′ to 78° 25′ W. long., and from 17° 40' to twelfth centuries the religion of the Jainas appears to have 18° 30' N. lat. Its length from east to west is nearly 150 been more widely diffused than at any other period. Many miles, and its width may on an average be 40 miles. It princes in the southern part of the peninsula embraced this contains, according to Mr. Robertson's survey, 2,724,262 faith; but it gradually lost much of its power and influence, acres, or 4256 square miles, and is much less in extent than in consequence of the rapid progress of the Vaishnavas and the county of York. Only 1,100,000 acres are stated to be Saivas. [HINDUSTAN, vol. xii., p. 233.] under cultivation.

The Jainas were antiently called Arhatas, and are divided into two sects, of which the former is called Vivasanas, Muktavasanas, Mucktâmbaras, or Digambaras, in reference to the nakedness of this order; and the latter Swetâmbaras, clad in white,' because the teachers of this sect wear white garments. The former are the more antient. In the early philosophical writings of the Hindus, in which the Jainas are mentioned, they are almost always called Digambaras, or Nagnas, naked.' The term Jaina rarely oceurs, and that of Swetâmbara still more rarely. These two sects, though differing from each other in very few points, oppose one another with the bitterest animosity. A few years ago the British government at Benares was obliged to call in the military to put down a riot in the city, which had been produced by the quarrels of these sects.

The Jainas are also divided into Yatis and Srâvakas, clerical and lay; the former of whom subsist upon the alms of the latter. The religious ritual of the Jainas is very simP. C., No. 797.

The surface of this island is very uneven, and the tracts which are level probably occupy less than one-twentieth of its area, but it is only the eastern part that can properly be called mountainous. This part is almost entirely filled up by the Blue Mountains, whose principal ridge occupies the middle of it, and runs nearly east and west. This range varies from 5000 to 6000 feet in elevation; its summit is in some places so narrow as not to be more than three or four yards across. Its numerous offsets run south and southeast, or north and north-west. On one of the latter offsets rise three peaks, of which the most northern and the highest attains an elevation of 7150 feet above the sea. The western boundary of this mountain-region is formed by a ridge, running across the whole island from south-east to northwest. This ridge begins on the south at Yallah Point, and terminates to the north-east of the mouth of the Agua Alta, or Wagwater river. It rises to a considerable height, frequently to 2500 and 3000 feet; and S. Catherine's Peak, VOL. XIII.-L