MAUDUIT, ISRAEL, son of a dissenting minister, known as a political writer, London, 1708-87. MAUDUIT, M., a French theologian, 1644-1709. MAUGARD, A., a French author, 1739-1817. MAULEON, A. DE, a Fr. historian, died 1653. MAUNDREL, H., a cel. traveller, date 1697. MAUNOIR, P. J., a French theologian, 1606-83. MAUPEOU, RENE CHARLES DE, born in Paris 1688, became vice-chancellor in 1763, died 1775. MAUPEOU, RENE NICHOLAS CHARLES AUGUSTIN DE, son of the preceding, was born 1714, and became chancellor of France 1768. His character was that of a low and corrupt intriguer, and he preserved his influence with Louis XV., by paying the most servile court to the king's mistress, Dubarry. In 1771 he banished the parliament of Paris, and substituted a royal council for it, called in derision 'the Maupeou parliament.' He was exiled to his own estates on the recall of the parliament by Louis XVI., 1774, and died peaceably in 1792. His last act was a gift of 800,000 francs to the nation.

MAUPERCHE, H., a French painter, 1606-86. MAUPERTIUS, P. L., MOREAU DE, one of the most celebrated mathematicians and astronomers of France, 1698-1759.

MAUR, Sr., a French Benedictine of the 6th century, whose name was adopted by a congregation of religious persons in the period between 1618 and 1627. This order soon acquired authority over more than a hundred religious houses, and is famous for the number of learned men it has produced.

MAURAND, PETER, a leader of the Albigenses in the 13th century, born 1199.

MAUREPAS, JEAN FREDERIC PHILIPPEAUX, Count de, a French statesman, born 1701, flourished at the court of Louis XIV., from 1715 to 1749, when he was banished by the intrigues of Madame de Pompadour. He was recalled to the ministry by Louis XVI., in 1774, and it was by his advice that the French government aided the Americans in their war of independence; died 1781.

MAURICE, elector of Saxony, celebrated as the founder of German protestanism, born 1521; killed in battle, 1553.

MAURICE, A., a Swiss minister, 17th century. MAURICE, F. W., a Swiss agricul., 1750-1826. MAURICE OF NASSAU, prince of Orange, one of the founders of the Dutch republic, was the son of William I., prince of Orange, and was about eighteen years of age when the latter was assassinated in 1584. It is explained in the article WILLIAM how the revolt of the Netherlands against Spain was occasioned by the resolve of Philip to domineer over the protestant freedom of the country by the introduction of the inquisition. It is sufficient to add here, that the death of the stadtholder was followed by the re-annexation of the southern provinces to the Spanish crown, while the northern raised Maurice to the stadtholdership, and refused the treacherous peace that was offered to them by the duke of Parma. From his accession to power in 1584 till 1609, Maurice continued the war of independence, the commanders opposed to him being Count Mansfeldt, the duke of Parma, the archduke Albert, or, strictly speaking, Albert's wife, Isabella (the only man in her family'), and last of all Spinola. After the capture of Ostend on the one side, and the strong fortress of Sluyfs on the other, and repeated proofs that, in the persons of Maurice and Spinola, two of the greatest masters of war were opposed to each other, Spain offered to treat with the united provinces on the basis of their independence, and in 1609 a truce of twelve years was agreed upon. In this interval

the Dutch republic made immense progress, but all the fruits of liberty were distasteful to Maurice, whose tendencies were to absolute authority, supported by his religious zeal for the strictest form of Calvinism. Accordingly, in the Arminian controversy it suited his purpose to favor Gomarus, and in 1618, the synod of Dort being convened, which determined in favor of Predestination,' he arrested the chiefs of the opposite party, and sent Barneveldt, the popular statesman, to the block, while Ledenberg escaped the rack by stabbing himself, and the learned Grotius was consigned to perpetual imprisonment. The remainder of Maurice's life was such as the Neophyte of blood deserved. The two sons of Barneveldt stirred up popular commotions to revenge the death of their aged father, and followed him to the scaffold in 1623. In 1621, also, the truce with Spain had expired, and Spinola renewed the war with such superior strength, that he compelled Maurice, weakened by intestine divisions, to act on the defensive. He now sunk under his mortifications, and died at the Hague, while Breda was invested by the enemy, in 1625, leaving the conduct of the war to his brother and successor, Frederick, whom he advised with his last breath to recall the Arminians. [E.R.]

MAURICE, THOMAS, an Oriental scholar and historian, was descended from a respectable Welch family, and was born at Hertford 1753. He was a minister of the Church of England, and assistantlibrarian at the British Museum, where he died 1824. His principal works relate to the history and antiquities of Hindostan.

MAURISIO, G., an Italian chronicler, 13th cent. MAURUS, H., an Ital. ecclesiastic, 1632-1724. MAURUS, T., a Roman poet, 1st century. MAURY, JEAN SIFFREIN, a French cardinal, political orator and literateur, was born of a poor family in 1746, and was distinguished for his eloquence as a preacher and eulogist before the revolution. In 1789 he was sent to the estates-general as deputy for the clergy of Peronne, and took part with the noblesse and the Gallican church against Mirabeau In 1791 he retired to Rome, and in 1794 was made a cardinal. In 1806, he returned to Paris, and having tendered his submission to Napo leon, became, four years afterwards, archbishop of Paris. He again sought safety in Rome on the fall of the emperor in 1814, and died there 1817. [E.R.] MAUSSAC, P. J. DE, a French hellenist and classical critic, 1590-1650.

MAUVILLON, ELEAZAR, an Italian historian, secretary to Frederick Augustus, king of Poland, 1712-1779. His son, JAMES, an historical writer and friend of Mirabeau, 1743–1794.

MAVOR, WILLIAM FORDYCE, a Scottish clergyman of the Church of England, author of many works, the subjects of which are addressed to the education of youth, 1758-1838.

MAWE, JOSEPH, a master of the sciences of mineralogy and conchology, author of a Treatise on Diamonds and Precious Stones,' 'Familiar Lessons on Mineralogy and Geology,' 'The Linnæan System of Conchology,' &c., born about 1755, died 1829.

MAXENTIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS VALERIUS, one of six contemporary emperors of Rome, reigned 306-312.

MAXIMIANUS, GALERIUS VALERIUS, a shepherd of Dacia, who became emperor of the East, 305311.

MAXIMIANUS, MARCUS AURELIUS VALERIUS HERCULIUS, a Roman soldier, who became colleague of Diocletian in the empire 286. He endeavored to murder his rival Constantine, to

whom he had given his daughter Faustina in marriage, and being frustrated by the fidelity of the latter, strangled himself 310. He was the father and contemporary of Maxentius.

MAXIMILIAN, a saint, martyred 295. MAXIMILIAN I., emperor of Germany, son of the emperor Frederic III., and of Eleonora of Portugal, was born 1459. He first became an independent prince by his marriage with Mary of Burgundy, the daughter of Charles Le Téméraire, who was killed 1477. This match involved him in a war with Louis XI., king of France, in which he was successful, though he was defeated at a later period by the Milanese. In 1486 Maximilian was elected king of the Romans, in 1493 emperor. He died in 1516, and was succeeded by his grandson Charles V. MAXIMILIAN II., son of Ferdinand I., was born at Vienna 1527, elected king of the Romans 1562, and succeeded his father as king of Hungary and Bohemia, and emperor of Germany, 1564. Died 1576. MAXIMILIAN, a duke of Milan 16th century. MAXIMILIAN, the name of three sovereign princes of Bavaria. 1. EMMANUEL MAXIMILIAN, duke and elector, known to history from 1685 to his death in 1726. 2. LEOPOLD MAXIMILIAN, duke and elector, succeeded 1746, died 1777. 3. MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH, king of Bavaria, born 1756, crowned 1799, married his daughter to Eugene Beauharnais, son of Josephine, and had his duchy raised to a kingdom 1806, joined the league against France 1813. Died 1825.

MAXIMINUS, CAIUS JULIUS VERUS, a herdsman of Thrace, born of Gothic parents, who became emperor of Rome 235, killed by his troops 238.

MAXIMINUS, CAIUS GALERIUS VALERIUS, an Illyrian peasant, known by the name of DAIA, or DAZA, who was named Cæsar by the influence of his uncle Galerius 305, and proclaimed emperor when five others had already assumed the purple 308, poisoned himself after his defeat by Licinius 313.

MAXIMUS, CLODIUS PUPIENUS, a Roman general, proclaimed emperor by the senate along with Decimus Cælius Balbinus, in opposition to Maximinus, 237, killed along with Balbinus 238.

MAXIMUS, MAGNUS, a Roman soldier, proclaimed emperor in Britain, and afterwards acknowledged in Gaul and all the West 383, killed 388.

MAXIMUS, PETRONIUS, a noble Roman who became emperor under peculiar and tragical circumstances in 455, after he had been three times prætorian præfect of Italy, and twice consul. In the year mentioned, Valentinian III. having committed an outrage upon the wife of Maximus, was assassinated at his instigation, and the latter appointed his successor by the unanimous voice of the Roman people. In less than three months afterwards he was murdered in the streets for attempting to fly on the appearance of the fleet of Genseric, king of the Vandals. MAXIMUS, ST., the first of the name, an apostle of Lombardy, and bishop of Turin, 5th century. The second, a theological writer, died 662.

MAXIMUS THE CYNIC, a pagan theurgist, confidant of the emperor Julian, 4th century.

MAXIMUS THE GREEK, an ecclesiastical savant, died at Moscow 15th century.

MAXIMUS OF TURIN, a bp. of that see, 5th ct. MAXIMUS OF TYRE, a Phoenician philosopher, who flourished at Athens in the 2d century.

MAXWELL, SIR M., a naval command., d. 1831. MAXWELL, ROBERT, Lord, one of the lords of the regency for James V. of Scotland, d. 1546.

MAXWELL, W. H., a lively English novelist, author of 'Wild Sports of the West,' &c., d. 1851.

MAY, LOUIS DU, a French historian, 17th cent. MAY, THOMAS, a republican poet and historian of the parliament of England, 1594-1650.

MAYENNE, CHARLES OF LORRAINE, duke of, son of Francis, duke of Guise, a famous French commander in the interest of the catholics, 1554-1611. His son, HENRY, chamberlain of France, and governor of Guienne, born 1578, killed at the siege of Montauban, 1621.

MAYER, ANDREW, a German astron., 1716-82. MAYER, C., a Jesuit and astronomer, 1719-83. MAYER, J. C. A., a Prussian anat., 1747-1801. MAYER, J. F., a German theolog., 1650-1712. MAYER, TOBIAS, a German astron., 1723-62. MAYET, S., a German writer, 1751-1825. MAYHEW, THOMAS, governor of Martha's Vineyard and the neighboring islands, one of the early Ame..can settlers. He died 1681, leaving a son, who became an eminent puritan divine, and from whom sprung a succession of New England divines, John, Experience, Zachariah, and Jonathan Mayhew, and from whom the Rev. Dr. Wainwright bishop of the Episcopal church in New York, was descended through his mother.

MAYNARD, F., a French poet, 1582-1646.

MAYNARD, SIR JOHN, a lawyer and member of parliament, one of the managers of the trials of the earl of Strafford and Archbishop Laud, 1602-90.

MAYNARD, JOHN, judge of the Supreme Court of New York, and member of Congress, d. 1850. MAYNE, JASPER, an eminent clergyman, who amused himself as a wit and playwright, d. 1672. MAYNE, JOHN, a Scotch poet, died 1836.

MAYNO, J. B., a Spanish artist, 1594–1654. MAYNWARING, ARTHUR, a political and miscellaneous writer, time of William III., 1668-1712. MAYO, HERBERT, M.D., an Eng. physiol. d. 1852. MAYOR, THOMAS, a Spanish friar, 17th century. MAYOW, JOHN, a physician and physiological writer, author of works on respiration and the muscular motion of animal bodies, 1645–1679.

MAYR, G., a German Hebraist, 1565-1623. MAYR, J. DE, a German adventurer, 1716-59. MAYRE, J., a Jesuit and poet, 1628-1694. MAZARIN, JULIUS, an ecclesiastic and statesman, was born at Piscina, in the Abruzzi, in the year 1602. He was educated for the church, and in 1641 received a cardinal's hat. His name is conspicuous in the history of Europe as prime minister of France in the middle of the seventeenth century. But he merely occupied a place created by the powerful genius of Richelieu, who in crushing the aristocracy, left to whoever should be prime minister of France during the minority of Louis XIV., one of the most important positions in Europe. Mazarin had to support the crown and the cause of Anne of Austria, during the miserable war of the Fronde, and he was at one juncture obliged to flee for personal safety. Had he been even as able a man as his predecessor, it could not have be expected that he should govern as a native Frenchman could, and perhaps nothing better proves how effectively Richelieu had subdued the discordant elements in France, than that an Italian should be able to govern the country. Mazzarin died on the 9th of March, 1661. [J.H.B.]

MAZDAK, a Persian communist, who commenced his agitation about 501, and was put to death after making a convert of the king Khobad.

MAZEAS, J. M., a Fr. mathemat., 1716-1801. MAZELINE, P., a French sculptor, 1632-1708. MAZEPPA, JOHN, the famous hetman of the Cossacks, whose name has been rendered familiar as one of Byron's heroes, was a native of the pala

tinate of Podolia, and for some time a page at the Court of John Casimir. Being discovered in an intrigue with the wife of a Polish gentleman, the latter bound him on the back of one of the wild horses of the Ukraine, which carried him to the country of the Cossacks, with whom he remained, and in 1687 became their chief commander. He was a favorite of Peter the Great, who gave him the title of prince, but growing tired of the Russian yoke, Mazeppa allied himself with Charles XII. of Sweden, and advised him to fight the disastrous battle of Pultowa. After his defeat he retired to Wallachia, and thence to Bender, where he died 1709.

MAZET, ANDREW, a Fr. physician, 1793-1821. MAZO-MARTINEZ, J. B. DEL, painter to Philip IV. of Spain, and pupil of Velasquez, died 1687. MAZOIS, F., a French architect, 1783-1827. MAZURE, F. A. J., a French histor., 1776-1828. MAZZA, ANDREW, an Italian savant, 1724-1797. MAZZA, ANGELO, an Italian poet, 1741-1817.

MAZZEI, PHILIP, an Italian in the employ of the state of Virginia, by which he was sent on a secret mission to Europe in 1785, died 1816. He was the author of Recherches historiques et politiques sur les Etats-Unis.'

MAZZHINGI, JOSEPH, Count, an eminent opera composer, descended from a family of Tuscany, but born of an English mother in England, 1765, died at Bath 1844.

MAZZOCCHI, A. S., an Ital. antiq., 1684-1771, MAZZUCCHELLI, THE COUNT GIAMMARIA, an Italian librarian, known as a literary biographer and writer on antiquity, 1707-1765.

MAZZUCCHELLI, THE ABBE P., a philologist and antiquarian of Milan, flourished 1762-1829. MAZZUCCHELLI, THE CHEVALIER PIER FRANCESCO, called Il Morazzone, an Italian painter in the style of Tintoretto, 1571-1626.

MAZZUOLI, FRANCESCO, a celebrated Italian painter, called PARMIZIANO, or the Parmesian, from his native city, 1503-1540. His cousin and scholar, GIROLAMO, died about 1590.

MAZZUOLI, J., a painter of Ferrara, d. 1589. MCCALL, HUGH, an officer of the American army, and author of a History of Georgia,' d. 1824.

MCCREA, JANE, a victim of an Indian massacre. During the summer of 1777, her lover, a Captain Jones of the British army, sent two Indians to conduct her to him from the residence of a friend at Fort Edward. The savages who had been promised a barrel of rum for their services, quarrelled with each other for the reward and the honor of the charge, and in the dispute murdered the maiden. She was but 17 years of age, handsome in appearance, and amiable and virtuous in character.

MCDONOGH, JOHN, an American merchant of great wealth, born in Baltimore, but established in New Orleans. He left the bulk of his property to be divided between the cities of his birth and adoption, d. 1850, aged 72.

MCKEAN, THOMAS, an American revolutionist, signer of the declaration of independence, governor of Pennsylvania, and chief justice of that state, 1734

1817.

MCKINLEY, JOHN, Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, was born in Virginia, d. 1852. MCNEIL, WM. GIBBS, an American engineer. He was educated at West Point, but resigned his commission in the army, and commenced the career of a civil engineer, in which he reached eminence, d. 1853, aged 51.

MEAD, RICHARD, physician to George II., known as a professional writer, 1673-1754.

[Lorenzo de Medici, by Michelangelo.] MEDICI. The illustrious Florentine family of this name begins with SALVESTRO, who enjoyed the rank of gonfalonier from 1378 to his banishment in 1381. JOHN, his son and successor, distinguished for his commercial enterprise, and for promoting the interests of the republic, flourished 1360-1428. Cosmo, one of the sons of the latter, born in 1389, and known as the father of his country,' acquired immense wealth and influence, and laid the foundation of his reputation by the munificent patronage of letters, and the conjunction of consummate statesmanship with his commercial enterprise. Many of the first Tuscan families combined against him, but he overcame all rivalry, and was for thirty-four years the sole arbitrator of the republic, and the adviser of the sovereign houses of Italy; died 1464. PETER I., his son and successor, was born 1414, and became the victim of a revolt in 1469. LORENZO THE MAGNIFICENT, son and successor of Peter, was born 1448, and governed the state in conjunction with his brother Julian, till the latter was assassinated by the Pazzi in 1478. Escaping from this massacre he sustained a war with Ferdinand of Naples, with whom he signed a definitive peace in 1480. He then devoted himself to the prosecution of plans for the advancement of learning and the arts, revived the Academy of Pisa, founded another at Florence, collected a vast treasure of literature, and founded a gallery of art, in which the taste of Michelangelo was formed under his patronage. He died universally beloved and honored, in the zenith of his renown 1492. His life has been written by RoscoE. He had three sons, John, who became pope, (see LEO X.), Julian, and Peter. The latter, PETER II., succeeded Lorenzo, and was deprived of his estates when the French invaded Italy in 1494. He finished his career in the service of France, and was drowned 1504, leaving two sons, Lorenzo and Cosmo. Julian II., brother and successor of Peter, abdicated in favor of Lorenzo 1513, and became duc de Nemours by his marriage with the aunt of Francis I. He

[Tomb of Lorenzo de Medici, by Michelangelo.] died 1516. LORENZO II., eldest son of Peter II., came to power by the abdication of his uncle, and governed under the influence of Leo X., who invested him with the duchy of Urbino. He died 1519, leaving an only daughter. (See MARIE DE MEDICIS.) After some reverses we find the family re-established in the sovereignty of Florence, under the influence of Charles V., with the title of dukes. The first was ALEXANDER, proclaimed duke 1532, stabbed by his relative Lorenzino, after poisoning his cousin Hippolytus 1537. LORENZINO, murderer of Alexander, was assassinated at Venice by order of Cosmo I., 1548. (See CATHERINE DE MEDICI.) COSMO I., called The Great,' duke of Florence, and grand duke of Tuscany, was the son of John the Invincible, descended from Lorenzo, and was born 1519. He was raised to power by the influence of Charles V., and abdicated in favor of his son 1564. In 1569 he became grand duke of Tuscany, and died 1574. FRANCIS MARIA, son and successor of Cosmo, flourished 1541-1587. FERDINAND I., brother and successor of the latter, was also cardinal and grand duke of Tuscany, 1551-1609. COSMO II., son and successor of Ferdinand, 1590-1621. FERDINAND II., son and successor of Cosmo II., 1610-1670. COSMO III., son and successor of Ferdinand II., 1642-1723. JOHN GASTON, son and successor of the latter, was the last of the Medici who reigned over Tuscany, being compelled to abdicate and make way for Francis II., duke of Lorraine, by the great powers. He flourished 1671-1737. His daughter, ANNE, wife of John William, elector Palatine, was the last of the family. She died 1743.

MEDICI, THE CHEVALIER DON LUIGI DE, a statesman of Naples, was born 1754, and in 1791 became director of the police. From this post he made his way to the ministry, and in the time of Joseph Buonaparte, followed the fortunes of the Bourbons. The arrest of Murat, the public debt of Naples, and the struggles with the Carbonari, were among the circumstances in which he became a distinguished actor. In 1818 he became a fugitive at

Rome, but was in power again in 1824, and assisted in delivering the kingdom from the Austrian occupation. Died 1830.

MEDICUS, F. C., a Bavar. botanist, 1736-1808. MEDINA, G. B., a Flemish painter, 1660-1711. MEDINA, J. DE, a Span. ecclesiastic, d. 1556. MEDINA, SIR J., a portrait painter, 1659-1711. MEDINA, M. DE, a Spanish friar, 16th century. MEDINA, P. DE, a Span. mathemat., 16th cent. MEDINA, S. J. P. DE, a Span. poet, 17th cent. MEDINA-SIDONIA, GASPARD ALONZO PEREZ DE GUZMAN, duke of, governor of Andalusia in the reign of Philip IV., noted for his attempt to render himself independent in 1640. For others of the family, see GUZMAN.

MEDYN, ABON, an Arabian savant, died 1193.
MEEL, J., a Flemish painter, 1599-1644.

MEEN, H., a div. and class. scholar, 1745-1817. MEEREN, or MEER, JOHN VAN DE, called the Old,' a Dutch painter of sea-pieces, landscapes, and battles, 1627-1691. Another painter of the same names, called the Younger,' and famous for his pastoral scenes, 1665-1698.

MEGASTHENES, a Ger. historian, 3d cent. B.C. MEGERLIN, D. F., a Ger. theologian, d. 1778.' MEGISER, J., a Germ. philologist, 1555-1616. MEHEGAN, WILLIAM ALEXANDER DE, descended from an Irish family who went into France with James II., distinguished as an elegant miscellaneous writer, 1721-1766.

MEHEMET ALI, born in 1765 at Cavalla, in the part of European Turkey which was formerly Macedonia. He entered the Turkish army, and served in Egypt against the French. He rose by degrees in military rank and political importance in that country; and at length in 1806 he purchased the post of pacha of Egypt from the sultan's government. He finally broke the power of the Mamelukes; and by treacherously inviting them to a festival as friends, he obtained an opportunity, of which he mercilessly availed himself, to massacre the last of these formidable cavaliers in 1811. He carried on by his sons several campaigns in behalf of the sultan against the Wahabite rebels in Arabia; and he afterwards sent troops under his son, Ibrahim Pacha, to the Morea, who gave important aid to the Turks in the Greek war of independence. In 1830 he obtained from the

was thereupon declared a rebel by the Porte, and the Turkish armies were sent against him. Mehemet Ali's troops had been carefully trained by European officers, and they beat the sultan's in every encounter. Peace was made between the powerful viceroy of Egypt and his humiliated sovereign in 1833, by the intervention of the chief states of Europe. Hostilities broke out again between them in 1839; and, as before, the Egyptian forces were uniformly victorious over the Turkish. The armed interposition of the English, and the capture of Acre and the other fortresses on the Syrian coast by the English fleet, under the guidance of Admiral Napier, compelled Mehemet Ali to come to terms again with the Porte. He was obliged to give up Syria; but the hereditary pashalic of Egypt was secured to him and his children. Mehemet Ali was free from bigotry; he was an earnest admirer of European civilization, and he strove to introduce it among his Egyptian subjects. He showed a rare degree of high-mindedness and generosity in 1840, by allowing the English mails and travellers to and from India, to pass unmolested as usual through his dominions, at the very time the English fleet were blockading his capital, Alexandria, and were destroying his fortresses and garrisons in Syria. Mehemet Ali died in 1848. [E.S.C.] MEHEMET-EFFENDI, a Turkish statesman, known as plenipotentiary of the Sublime Porte at the treaty of Passarovitz 1718, and ambassador to France 1720. He was exiled after the deposition of Achmet III., 1730. His son, SAID, ambassador to France in 1742, introduced the printing press, which he established at Scutari.

MEHUL, S. H., a French composer, 1763-1817. MEHUS, L., an Italian philologist, died 1791. MEIBOM, or MEIBOMIUS, the name of several learned Germans :--1. JOHN HENRY, a publicist and annalist, 1555-1625. 2. His son, of the same names, a physician and professional writer, 1590-1655. 3. HENRY, son of the latter, a physician and historian, 1638-1700. 4. MARK, a relative of the preceding, an antiquarian and Hebraist, 1630-1711.

MEIER, J., a Prussian philologist, 1661-1732. MEIGRET, L., a Fr. grammarian, born 1510. MEIGS, RETURN JONATHAN, an Amer. revolutionary officer born in New England. A brilliant enterprise against Long Island in 1777, won for him a sword and the public thanks of Congress. After the war, he emigrated to Ohio, where he was one of the first settlers. Died 1823. His son, RETURN JONATHAN, was governor of Ohio, from 1810 to 1814, and subsequently postmaster-general of the U. S., d. 1825. MEINER, J. W., a Bavar. philologist, 1723-89. MEINERS, C., a German historian, 1747-1810. MEINTEL, J. G., a Ger. theologian, 1695-1775. MEISNER, B., a German divine, 1587-1626. MEISSNER, A. T., a Ger. novelist, 1753-1807. MELA, POMPONIUS, a Roman geographer, 1st c. MELANCHTHON, PHILIP, was horn at Bretheim, in the lower Palatinate, in 1497. His father was an armorer, and his original German name Schwartzerd, which, in imitation of Reuchlin and other learned men, he Grecized into Melanchthon, or as he used, especially in his latter days, to spell it, Melanthon. Both names denote 'black earth.' After having studied at Pfortzheim for two years, Philip removed to Heidelberg, where he became bachelor of arts; and on being refused a mastership, on account of his youth, he repaired to Tübingen, where he became a lecturer. In 1518 he received the high encomium of Erasmus, and, at the instigation of Luther and Reuchlin, he was the same year invited by Frederick, elector of Saxony, to fill the chair of

was

Greek in the recently founded University of Wittemberg. At this seat of learning he was at once under the mighty spirit and influence of his intrepid colleague Luther. His agency in the Reformation has been overshadowed by that of Luther, but he was ever active and industrious in his own humble and unostentatious mode. In 1519 he accompanied Luther to Leipzig, in order to dispute with Eckius, and in 1521 he published his famous Loci Communes, a treatise which in his own lifetime went through sixty editions. In 1520 he married the daughter of one of the burgomasters of Wittemberg, and by her had two sons and two daughters. During the progress of the Reformation he visited many cities, and was active in patronizing seminaries of learning. Nor was his pen idle in the cause; and though his compositions had not the overwhelming torrent of Luther's rhetoric, yet their quiet, elegant, and selfpossessed tone were not the less useful in aiding the emancipation and progress of Germany. He was as earnest as Luther to free theology from scholastic subtleties. There is no doubt that many of the plans carried out by the Reformers were the result of Melanchthon's wise suggestions. His Greek scholarship was also of continued and inestimable advantage to Luther in his work of translating the Bible. His own commentaries also show,how his erudition qualified him to be a lucid, accurate, and elegant expositor. In 1530 Melanchthon was appointed to draw up the general Confession which was presented to the emperor at Augsburg, and he also wrote the Apology for it. He was invited to dispute with the Sorbonne in 1535, but refused this invitation, as well as a similar and subsequent one from England. After Luther's death, Melanchthon was often sadly perplexed and harassed. The famous measures of the Interim did not find him disinclined to look upon it with a kindly eye. Men of bolder character

rallied him on his irresoluteness, and pointed to his failures at Worms, Ratisbon, and Bonn. His orthodoxy was suspected, and he was blamed for the approximation of his views on the Lord's Supper to those of the Swiss Reformers. These rough and unceremonious assaults often plunged him into grief. Melanchthon died at Wittemberg, 19th April, 1568, aged sixty-three. The amiability, gentleness, and benignant purity of Melanchthon; his zeal, learning, and ingenuity, have placed him next to Luther as an agent in the work of the Reformation. He sometimes fretted at Luther's overbearing vehemence, but